This document provides an overview of basic electrocardiography and introduces more advanced concepts. It covers topics such as cardiac anatomy, depolarization and repolarization, the placement of electrodes, the 12-lead ECG system, and vectorcardiography. The document aims to explain electrocardiography fundamentals and relationships between bipolar and unipolar limb leads, as well as discuss additional leads and their clinical significance. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of understanding electrocardiography principles.

1. BASICELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY
AND
BEYOND
Dr. N. Praveen
M.D.,D.M.

2. Contents
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3. Introduction

4. Scalar Electrocardiography

6. Basic terminology
de
re
• Depolarization is faster than repolarization.

8. Electrodes
four six

12. reference electrode.
the exploring electrode,

14. Wilson central terminal

15. Leads
bipolar potential

16. Leads
• 12 leads

17. Bipolar limb leads

19. Einthoven triangle

20. Einthoven’s law
Helpful rule to remember to detect instances in which the technician has
attached the electrodes to the wring limbs.

21. Based on Einthoven triangle and the
recordings

22. Limb lead
reversal

23. Unipolar limb leads

24. Why the augmentation ?

25. Relationship between the bipolar
and unipolar limb leads

26. Unipolar chest leads

28. Additional leads

33. Specific leads

38. significant reduction
significant increase
inability of the exercise test to predict the location of
coronary artery disease and high incidence of false negative tests in
patients with ischaemia limited to the inferior cardiac surface.

40. Vectorcardiography

41. • Heart’s forces are represented by arrows and loops, rather than
by waves and complexes.

42. • An instantaneous vector
mean vector

43. Dipole
• An electrode that faces the head of the vector records
positive deflection regardless of whether the dipole
approaches the electrode or moves away.

45. Cardiac muscle action potential

46. Hemifields
positive line

48. Ventricular depolarization

52. Take home message

53. Thank you