3. Introduction
• Of the cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the leading cause of death globally,
Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) accounts for the majority of the deaths.
• Sudden occlusion of the coronary artery due to thrombus, is an emergency and
clinically manifests as ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)
• Opening an occluded artery is main motto either by balloon or by drug.
• Biggest Hurdle in management of STEMI is time duration from First Medical
Contact (FMC) to management.
• Despite the management, some patients have detrimental course based on their
initial presentation.
4. Epidemiology
• India accounts for one fifth of the deaths worldwide especially in younger
population (WHO).
• The Indians have CVDs a decade earlier than the western population.
• The conventional risk factors fail to explain this increased risk.
• In 2016, CVDs contributed to 28.1% of total deaths and 14.1% of total disability
adjusted life years (DALYs) compared with 15.2% and 6.9%, respectively in 1990
(Almost double).
5. Time is Muscle
• Introduced by Eugene Braunwald
• “….the more time a heart-related issue goes untreated, the more damage the
heart may endure.”
• Almost half of the STEMI patients die before reaching the hospital.
• When not intervened either medically or percutaneously, another half
would die in the first 24 hours.
• Timely identification and management aimed at salvaging the myocardium
decides the further course of STEMI.
7. Unique risk factors
• High homocysteine levels
• Ambient air pollution
• Psychosocial factors
• Mental health and
• Higher high sensitivity C reactive protein (hs CRP) levels
indicating chronic infection and inflammation.
8. Role of PCP
• Usually the FMC
• 1.Identification
• 2.Diagnosis based on ECG
• 3.Necessary Investigations
• 4.Management
• 5.Preventive aspects
• 6.Maintaining the patient records
18. Management
• Loading doses of
• Antiplatelets and Statins
• Soluble Aspirin 325 mg
• Clopidogrel 300 mg
• Atorvastatin 80mg stat
• Injection UFH 5000 IU IV stat.
• Check whether can be sent to nearby PPCI or Not < 120 minutes.
• If not there, check whether TLT can be done or not.
• If TLT. Monitor after 90min of TLT
• Check for clinical signs
• Send to nearby cathlab.
25. CHECK LIST OF THE MEDICATIONS IN A PATIENT WITH ACUTE MI
Not applicable to all, contraindications to be kept in mind.
Nitrates and betablockers contraindicated in complicate IWMI and RVMI
26. Education
• Healthy lifestyle
• Timely assessment of risk factors in presence of premature
CAD.
• Exercise for 30minutes for atleast five days in a week
• Meditation
• Yoga
• Sleep
28. Pre hospital thrombolysis
• In 108 ambulance
• Patient with chest pain, ECG will be taken in ambulance and
send to physician and confirm diagnosis of STEMI.
• Loading doses will be given.
• Vitals will be checked.
• Based on time duration, TLT will be done.
• Tenecteplase is the drug used.
• Shifted to nearby PCI center.
• STREAM Trial showed positive results.
29. STEMI INDIA
• Pharmacoinvasive strategy.
• Initiated in Goa and
subsequently in southern
states of India.
• SPOKE AND HUB MODEL
• Early diagnosis
• Timely TLT
• And later on PCI with effective
results.
41. Take home message
• The STEMI, when timely managed we can salvage the myocardium
from necrosis.
• Fibrin specific thrombolytics are more efficacious in retaining the
patency of the occluded artery.
• Pharmacoinvasive strategy is of uprising trend in India.
• Identifying false STEMI cases is also of equal importance.
• Educating the public regarding the prevention is of utmost importance.