Concept of mobile toilet: - Characteristics of mobile toilet - Mobile toilets in Nepal - Various forms of mobile toilet

1. Prabesh Ghimire 1
Number of mobile phone users in Nepal
is 34% higher than population
38.3 million mobile phone
users
Nepal’s estimated
population is 28.5 million

2. Prabesh Ghimire 2
62% of
households
use
improved
toilet
facilities
61% in urban
areas
63% in rural
areas
Fifteen percent of households have no
toilet facility (21% in rural areas and
11% in urban areas)

3. How can we improve access to
improved toilet facilities?
Prabesh Ghimire 3

4. Reasons for poor access to toilet and
sanitation?
 No toilets
No space
No sewerage system
No water facilities
Others???
Prabesh Ghimire 4

5. Facts
Over half of the world’s population now live in urban
areas, and that figure is set to continue rapidly rising.
By 2050, it’s estimated that more than two thirds of
people will be living in cities.
Most of these additional people will live in unplanned
settlements or slums without adequate basic services,
such as access to clean water and toilets.
A staggering 800 million people in urban areas don’t have
access to safe and private toilets; 100 million of whom
have to practice open defecation.
Prabesh Ghimire 5

6. Concept of Mobile Toilet
Prabesh Ghimire
URBAN HEALTH ISSUES

7. Mobile Toilet
Portable toilet- can be moved around easily
They can be used in a variety of situations, for example in
urban slums of developing countries, at festivals, for
camping, or on vehicles
Can be brought on site, such as a festival or building site,
to quickly provide sanitation services.
Some are re-usable and may be moved on to further
sites, others are easily installed but become permanent
once in place.
Prabesh Ghimire 7

8. Characteristics of Mobile Toilet
Most types do not require any pre-existing services to be
provided on-site, such as sewerage disposal, but are
completely self-contained.
Not connected to a hole in the ground (like a pit latrine),
nor to a septic tank, nor is it plumbed into a municipal
system leading to a sewage treatment plant;
Prabesh Ghimire 8

9. Prabesh Ghimire 9

10. Mobile Public Toilets in Nepal
Mobile public toilets launched first time in 2009
Mobile toilets are currently operational in several urban
areas of Nepal: Kathmandu valley, Dhulikhel, Bharatpur,
Dhangadi
Prabesh Ghimire 10

11. Various forms of Mobile Toilet
Chemical Toilets
• Collects human excreta in a holding tank and uses chemicals to
minimize the odors.
• Chemical toilets include those used on large gatherings, on plane
and bus
Prabesh Ghimire 11

12. Various forms of Mobile Toilet
Urine-diversion dehydration toilets
• self-contained dry toilets, sometimes referred
to as mobile or stand-alone units.
• identifiable by their one-piece molded plastic
shells
• Ensure separate collection of feces and urine
without any flush water
Prabesh Ghimire 12

13. Various forms of Mobile Toilet
Container based toilets
• Collect human excreta in sealable, removable containers (also
called cartridges)
• Feces can be contained, carried, transported and emptied into
treatment facilities without exposing humans to pathogens.
• Container-based sanitation can be scaled up to provide more
low-income urban populations with safe sanitation
Prabesh Ghimire 13

14. Various forms of Mobile Toilet
Bucket toilet
• Basic form of a dry toilet whereby a bucket is
used to collect excreta.
• Usually, feces and urine are collected together
in the same bucket, leading to odor issues.
• The bucket may be situated inside a dwelling,
or in a nearby small structure (an outhouse).
Prabesh Ghimire 14

15. Various forms of Mobile Toilet
Bucket toilet
• Users may place a liner or some dry material in
the base of the bucket (newspaper, sawdust,
leaves, straw, or similar) in order to facilitate
easier emptying
• Where people do not have access to improved
sanitation – particularly in low-income urban
areas of developing countries – an unimproved
bucket toilet might be better than open
defecation
Prabesh Ghimire 15

16. Various forms of Mobile Toilet
Freezing toilet
• A kind of dry toilet based on electricity which
freezes the content in a short time.
• Freezing toilets work by electricity, as they are
plugged into the wall.
• They do not need water, pipes, ventilation or
chemicals to work.
• The function of freezing toilets is based on
freezing. The contents freeze in a short time
stopping bacteria from growing and keeping it
odourless.
Prabesh Ghimire 16

17. Scope of Mobile Toilet
Populated /High public mobility areas
• Mobile toilets are desirable in densely-populated urban areas and
over areas with high public mobility such as marketplaces, fairs,
people gatherings, street festivals, health camps, concerts…
Emergencies
• Portability feature makes mobile toilet useful part of appropriate
emergency response
• Especially where pit latrines cannot be isolated from floodwater or
groundwater
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18. Scope of Mobile Toilet
Low income urban settings
• Mobile toilets such as bucket toilet are applicable in low and middle
income urban settings where people do not have access to
improved sanitation
Cold climates
• Container based/ bucket toilet are common in cold climates where
installing running water can be difficult and expensive subjective to
pipe breakage.
Prabesh Ghimire 18

19. Importance
Use of mobile toilet is beneficial in extending toilet
services to the needy people in (sub) metropolis, and
populated areas (fairs)
Provides interim solutions to growing urban areas with
sanitation needs : Cheap to install, require little space and
relatively simple planning to put them up.
As they are self-contained, they can be placed almost
anywhere.
Prabesh Ghimire 19

20. Importance
The solid waste and urine collected in the mobile toilet
can be changed and used as biogas and organic
fertilizers.
Dry portable latrines can be suitable alternative to pit
latrines and flush toilets, especially where water is scarce
Mobile toilets are useful in emergency situations
Mobile toilet will also be a part of green economy
Prabesh Ghimire 20

21. Importance
Container-based sanitation has typically been used in
low-income settings where it is not feasible or appropriate
to use or construct sewerage systems.
• This includes densely-populated urban neighborhoods, informal
settlements, refugee camps and areas with emergency situations,
or where there is risk of frequent flooding
In the context of the United Nations’ Sustainable
Development Goal 6 to "ensure sanitation for all by
2030", container-based sanitation systems have emerged
as a viable, low-cost sanitation solution
Prabesh Ghimire 21

22. 22
Thank You
Prabesh Ghimire