Sexual reproduction in humans involves male and female reproductive systems. The male system includes testes that produce sperm and the female system includes ovaries that produce eggs. Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an egg in the fallopian tube, forming a zygote. The zygote then implants in the uterus and develops into an embryo and fetus over nine months of gestation, until birth. If fertilization does not occur, the female undergoes menstruation and the cycle repeats every 28 days from puberty to menopause. Methods to prevent pregnancy include barrier methods, hormonal birth control, surgical sterilization, and IUDs.

1. Sexual Reproduction
in Humans
Represented by- Pawan Kumar Sahu

2. INTRODUCTION
 Their reproductive organs are called
gonads.
 Their gonads produces cells that actually
participate in fertilization, i.e., Gametes
 Gametes, i.e.,Testis  Sperm (Male)
 Gametes, i.e., Ovary  Egg or Ovum
(Female)

3. INTRODUCTION
Male Female
Gonads Testis Ovary
Gametes Sperm Egg
Fusion
Sperm + Egg Zygote
Sperm
Egg
Zygote

4. Male Reproductive System
 It consists of:
 Testis: A pair of testis descend from body into
the pouch like structure called Scrotum.
 Their function is sperm formation facilitated by
hormone testosterone.

5. Male Reproductive System
Scrotum: A membranous structure that
encloses testis and provide 2 to 3 º C
temperature than body temperature for
spermatogenesis.
Epididymis: Function is to store sperm
temporarily.
Vas deferens: It is a duct which carries sperms.
Seminal vesicles: It is a gland that secretes
seminal fluid.
 Functions of fluid:
 Provide motility need to sperms
 Provide nutrition to sperms.

6. Male Reproductive System
 Sperm mixed with fluid is called Semen.
Common duct:
It is formed from urethra and vas
deferens.
This common duct excretes urine as well
as semen.

7. Female Reproductive System
•It consists of:
Ovaries: A pair of ovaries is present in females
and their function is egg production facilitated by
hormone oestrogen.
Fallopian tube: Tube that receives ovum. (Egg or
germ-cells)

8. Female Reproductive System
Uterus: Sac where embryo develops.
Cervix: Cap of vagina.
Vagina: Outer exposed part of female
reproductive system.

9.  Two fate may as follows;
1. Fertilization:
 In it following events occur, i.e.,
A. Ovulation: It is release of ovum from
ovary into fallopian tube, with the ovulation,
thickening of uterine wall takes place. (10
times thick)
 Ovulation occurs every month in female
after attaining puberty. (i.e., after age of 13)
B. Copulation: During intercourse, sperm of
male is injected into female’s vaginal tract.
 In other secretion there are million of
sperms but only one sperm is capable of
fusing with the ovum, all other degenerate.

10. Fertilization: Fusion of sperm and egg is
called Fertilization and it takes place in
fallopian tube.As a result diploid zygote is
formed.
Implantation: Fixing of zygote into uterine
wall.This takes place after few days of
fertilization.
Placenta: It is temporary formed tissue that
provide nutrition to growing embryo or
developing zygote.
Gestation period: It is period of developing
zygote into full grown foetus.
In humans it is of 9 months, 9 days.
Parturition: Expelling fully grown baby from
mother’s body. ( cutting the umbilical cord)

11. Zygote
Embryo
Foetus
Baby
(after
delivery)

12. 2. Menstruation:
 At age of 12 to 13 years (puberty) ovum production
starts in females.
 Usually one ova is released in fallopian tube after 28
days.
 During ovulation, uterine wall thickness and blood
supply in it increases.
 If a ovum is not fertilized then thickness wall of uterus
along with blood vessels is bleed out from vagina in
the form of blood is called Menstruation.
 So this happens every month in female.
 It occurs 14 days after ovulation and last for 3-5 days.
 After menstruation, uterine wall starts build up so
that it can receive next ovum.
 The cycle of menstruation is repeated after every 28
days.

13. The cycle of menstruation is;
 Menarche: Beginning of menstruation (Start of 12-13
years of age)
 Menopause: Stoppage of menstruation (around 50
years of age)

14. Methods to control population are-
1. Barrier method: In this devices like
condoms etc., are used that prevent the
sperms from meting ovum.
2. Chemical method: Two types are used;
i. Oral pills
ii. Vaginal pills
 Oral pills contains: Hormones which
obstruct ovulation.
 Vaginal pills contains: Spermicides that
kill sperms.

15. Methods to control population are-
3. Surgical method:
 In males: Their vas deferens is cut and
ligated that prevent sperms from coming
out (vasectomy).
In females: Their fallopian tube is cut
and ligated that prevent ovulation
(tubectomy).
4. IUCD: Intra Uterine Contraceptive
Device like Copper T. This prevents
implantation.

16. Sexually Transmitted Disease
 STD’s are sexually transmitted disease like
AIDS, Gonorrhoea, Syphilis etc.
AIDS:
 It is caused by virus HIV (Human Immuno
DeficiencyVirus).
It is fatal disease in which a immune
system of person weakens and he
becomes more prone to infection.