Name: Pavan Gowda Topic: Ion Exchange Chromatography M.Pharmacy ( Pharmaceutics) 1st Semester RR College of Pharmacy

1. 09-06-2022 1
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:
PAVAN KUMAR ASSOCIATE PROF. SYED NIZAMMUDIN
1ST SEM , M.PHARMACY DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL
DEPARTMENT
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2. Content:
 Introduction
 Types of Ion Exchange
Chromatography
 Mechanism of Ion exchange
chromatography
 Classification of ion exchange resin
 Types of Ion Exchanger
 Factors or Properties of ion-
exchangers
 Applications of Ion-exchange
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3. Ion Exchange Chromatography :
 It is the process of separation of mixture of ions of similar
charged ions using ion exchange resin, which exchanges
ions based on their relative affinities.
 Reversible exchange of similar charged ions (Either cations
or anions) occurs.
 Most of the pharmaceutical drugs are strong or weak acids
or bases. Therefore mixture of similar charged drugs can be
effectively separated by this technique
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Types of Ion Exchange Chromatography
A . Cation exchange chromatography:
 Separation of mixture of cations using cation exchange
resin, which exchanges ions based on their relative
affinities.
 Cation exchanger is polymeric anion to which
active/counter cations (H+) are attached and the reversible
reaction in which these active cations are exchanged with
the other cations present in the mixture.

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B. Anion exchange chromatography:
 Separation of mixture of anion using anion exchange
resin, which exchanges ions based on their relative
affinities.
 Anion exchanger is polymeric cation to which
active/counter anions (Cl- OR SO4
-2 OR OH-) are
attached and the reversible reaction in which these active
anions are exchanged with the other anions present in the
mixture © R R INSTITUTIONS , BANGALORE

6. Principle /Mechanism of Ion exchange
chromatography
OR
 The Principle involved in this technique is
the reversible exchange of ions between
ions present in sample & ion exchange
resins. 09-06-2022 6
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7. Let us consider the separation of cations using cation
exchange resin. The cations to be separated are present in
solution and exchanges for similar ions present in cation
exchange resin, a Solid matrix. The exchange can be
represented by the following equation:
Solid – H+ + M+
(Solution) (Solution)
The cations retained by the solid matrix of ion exchange
resin can be eluted by using buffers of different strength
and hence separation of cations can be effected.
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Cation exchange
Solid – M+ + H+
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8. Anion exchange
 Similarly, separation of anions using anion exchange
resin can be carried out. The anions to be separated are
present in solution and exchanges for similar ions
present in anion The exchange resin, a Solid matrix.
exchange can be represented by the following equation:
Solid – OH- + A- Solid - A- + OH-
The anions retained by the solid matrix of ion exchange
resin can be eluted by using buffers of different strength
and hence separation and hence separation of anion can be
effected.
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9. Classification of ion exchange Resins
Chemical nature.
Source from which they obtain.
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10. Sr
No. TYPE OF RESIN IONISABLE
GROUP
CHROMATOGRAPHIC
MEDIUM
1.
Strongly acidic cation exchange
resin e.g. sulphonated
polystyrene resin
-SO3- Acidic and alkaline
2.
Weakely acidic cation
exchange resin e.g. carboxylic
polymethacrylate
-COO- Alkaline
3.
Strongly basic anion exchange
resin e.g. Quaternary
ammonium polystyrene
-N+R3 Acidic and alkaline
4.
Weakly basic anion exchange
resin
-NR2 Alkaline
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I ) Chemical nature :
There are four basic type of resin depending
on pH range.
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11. 2) Based on source :
Natural :
Cation e.g. Zeolytes, Clay, etc.
Anion e.g. Dolomite.
 Synthetic :
Inorganic
Organic (most widely used).
 Organic ion-exchange resin: Polymeric resin matrix
contain exchangeable sites composed of polystyrene
(contain sites for exchangeable functional groups and
divinyl benzene which act as a cross linking agent).
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12. Types of Ion Exchangers
A . Cation exchanger:
It is a high molecular weight, cross linked polymer
having sulphonic, carboxylic, phenolic groups as a
integral part and equivalent amount of cations (positive),
is called cation exchanger or cation exchange resin.
OR
Cation exchanger is polymeric anion to which
active/counter cations (H+) are attached and the reversible
reaction in which these active cations are exchanged with
the other cations present in the mixture.
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13. SR.NO TRADE NAME FUNCTIONAL
GROUP
FRAMEWORK MATERIAL
1. DOWEX -SO3H
Styrene/
Divinylbenzene
2. Zerolit -SO3H
Styrene/
Divinylbenzene
3. Amberlite -SO3H
Styrene/
Divinylbenzene
4. SE Cellulose -C2H4-SO3H
Cellulose
5. Amberlite ICR -COOH
Methacrylic acid/
Divinylbenzene
Table: 1: Commercial Available cation Exchangers :
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14. B. Anion exchanger:
It is a high molecular weight, cross linked polymer having
amine or quaternary ammonium groups as integral parts of
resin and equivalent amount of anions e.g. -Cl-, -SO4
2- OH-
ions is called anion exchanger
or
Anion exchanger is polymeric cation to which active/counter
anions are attached and the reversible reaction in which these
active anions are exchanged with the other anions present in
the mixture.
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15. Table-2 : Commercially Available Anion Exchangers :
SR.NO.
TRADE NAME FUNCTIONAL GROUP
FRAME WORK
MATERIAL
1. Amberline
CH3
-CH2-N+ CH3
CH3
Styrene/
Divinylebenzene
2. Zerolit FF-IP
CH3
-CH2-N+ CH3
CH3
Styrene/
Divinylebenzene
3. Amberline IRA-410
-CH2-N+-CH2-CH2
CH3 CH3
Styrene/
Divinylebenzene
4. Zerolit N-IP
-CH2-N+-CH2-CH2
CH3 CH3
Styrene/
Divinylebenzene
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16. Factors or Properties of ion-exchangers
A. Nature & Properties of ion exchanger
1. Almost insoluble in water and organic solvent like
CCl4, ether, benzene, etc.
2. Complex in nature i.e. polymeric
3. Contain active or counter ions. For cation exchanger
there must be active or counter ions i.e. cation
whereas anion exchanger must be anions as active or
counter ions.
4. Particle size of ion-exchanger resin
As particle size is small Surface area increases
Rate of exchange increases and vice versa.
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17. 5. Mechanical Strength
 If cross linking is more tightly Retards resin
swelling.
 If internal crosslinking is poor Rate and
amount of exchange is reduce.
6. Swelling of Resin Ion-Exchanger + H2O
(Polar solvent)
swelling
(Due to tendency of particles
to hydrate, electrostatic
repulsion between like charges)
Ion-Exchanger + Non- polar solvent No swelling, only
contraction occurs
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18. 7. Porosity of Resin
 Porosity of surface area of resin α rate of
exchange process
8. Capacity or Resin:
 The capacity of resin depends on the number of sites
available for exchanger that depends on ionic
dimensions of exchanger.
9. Swollen density must be denser than H2O.
10. Resin must be chemically stable.
11 . Amount or cross linking should be sufficiently
cross linked.
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B. Nature of exchanging ions
I. Valency of ion: At low concentration and at room
temperature, The extent of exchange increases with
increase in valency.
Na+ < Ca2+ < Al3+ < Th4+
II. Size of ions: For similar charged ions, Exchange
increases with decrease in the size of hydrated ions.
Li+ < H+ < Na+ < K+
III. Polarization: Exchange is preferred for greater
polarizable ions
I - < Br - < Cl - < F -
1V. Selectivity of Resin
 Ionic strength of buffer decreases - polyvalent ions
adsorbed better than monovalent ions.
 Whereas if Ionic strength of buffer increases
only monovalent ions are going to be adsorbed.
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20. Applications of Ion-exchange
Chromatography
1- Separation of similar ions from one another :
e.g. i) Take mixture of Li+, Na+ &K+ and pass through
cation exchanger .
ii) Mix of Cl- , Br- & I-, pass through anion
exchanger, separation i.e. exchanging we can
separate similar ions from one another.
2- Softening of hard water : Hard water is due to the
presence of Ca+2 , Mg+2. The hard water is passed
through the cation exchanger, thus Ca+2 get exchange
with cation in cation exchanger & thus get soft water.
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21. 3- Complete demineralization of water : Water contains
metallic cation i.e. Na+ , Ca+2. Mg+2 etc., and anions i.e. Cl-,
CO-3, SO4
- 2 etc.
First of all allow water to pass through the cation
exchanger, whatever the cations present in the water get
exchanged with the cations in cation exchanger.
Then same water pass through the anion exchanger,
whatever anions present in it get exchange with that of
anions in anion exchanger.
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22. 4- Preparation of pure reagent :
i)Preparation of sodium hydroxide solution (used for acid
base titration):
Carbonate present in invariable amount in sodium
hydroxide solution. This sodium hydroxide solution
passes through the anion exchanger, then the carbonate
adsorbed on anion exchanger leaving equivalent amount
of OH-. Thus we get pure hydroxide solution.
ii)Preparation of salisaic acid from sodium silicate
5- Seperation of sugar : sugar are first converted in to
Borate complexes, then separation of sugars done by
taking 11x0.9cm. column DOWEX resin, 0.5-1ml/min
flow rate.
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23. REFERENCES
 Instrumental method of chemical analysis,
5th edition, By Gurdeep R.Chatwal and Anand
 Skoog, Holler, Nieman,, 5th edition, Principles
of Instrumental Analysis .
 Willard, Merritt, Dean, Settle, 7th edition,
Instrumental Methods of Analysis,
 Pharmaceutical Analysis 3rd Edition by
Dr. S. Ravi Shankar. 09-06-2022 23
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