This document discusses various controversial ingredients found in cosmetic products and provides information about them. It covers parabens, formaldehyde liberators, and 1,4-dioxane. For each ingredient, it describes what they are, why they are controversial according to the FDA, relevant regulations, and alternatives. The document aims to inform readers about common controversial ingredients in cosmetics.

1. Prepared BY : PAWAN DHAMALA
M.Pharm ( sem-2)

2. LIST OF CONTENT
Nail care
Feet care
Underarms care
Body odor care
Neck care
Controversial
Ingredients
Previous year
questions
References
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3. 1. Protection of nail :
• Nail is requied protection from polluent and
bacteria . Use of gloves should be made
regular practice to protect nails during
gardening or house work.
• Take measure to protect your nails from the
sun as well ,use gloves and protect cream to
do so.
2. Cleaning and Hydration of nails :
• Working all day and exposing your hands to
dust and polluent of the city , proper cleaning
become necessary .
• Wash them thoroughly with water, focusing on
easily missed areas like underneath nail and
skin to remove dirt.
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4. 3. Use lotion and cream :
• Before going to sleep at night , use lotion and cream for
your nails as well as keep them hydrated and healthy.
• Try lotion containing alpha hydroxyl acid or lanolin for
brittle nails. Nail get brittle due to repeated exposure to wet
environment.
4. Use of clipper :
• Trimming nails is vital to proper health of nail.
• Wash your clipper with good antibacterial agent before each use to avoid any
bacterial infection.
• Nail scalps are necessary to remove dirt from under the nails.
• Regular use of scalps will protect your cuticle from any infection that could
manifest due to dirt collected under the nails.
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5. 5. Regular visit to dermatologist :
• Professional advice and care is important for body to function properly.
• The same applies for nail, to consult with dermatologist who will know right nutrition
and care your nails need to keep them healthy.
Marketed Product :
Essie Flora
Jinsoon Lakme
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6.  Check them daily for cuts, sores, swelling,
and infected toenails.
 Give them a good cleaning in warm water,
but avoid soaking them because that may
dry them out.
 Moisturize them every day with lotion,
cream, or petroleum jelly. Don’t put
moisturizer between your toes. You want to
keep the skin there dry to prevent infection.
 Avoid wearing tight-fitting shoes. Your shoes
shouldn’t hurt your feet.
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7.  Corns and calluses are thick, hard patches
of skin on your feet. If you have them, you
may notice pain when you walk or wear
shoes.
 They’re usually caused by too much
rubbing, such as from wearing very tight
shoes, or too much pressure against your
foot, such as from standing for a long time
or from a sport like running.
 The only difference between the two is ,
Corns usually form on the top of the foot,
sometimes on a toe, while calluses appear
on the bottom.
CORNS AND CALLUES
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8. How do you treat corns and calluses?
• Mild corns and calluses don’t usually need treatment and will go away on their own. But there
are some things you can do to help them go away more quickly.
• Wear thick socks to protect your skin.
• Rub your callus with a pumice stone while you’re in the bath or shower.
• Use corn pads to relieve pressure.
• Apply salicylic acid to help dissolve corns and calluses. Be sure to follow directions carefully
so you don’t damage healthy skin. Never use acid treatments on your feet if you have
diabetes.
• Wear prescription foot orthotics.

9.  These small growths of hardened skin are
caused by a virus. They can be painful,
especially when they develop on the bottom
of your feet. Those are called plantar warts.
 The most common way to catch them is by
walking on a dirty, wet surface without shoes.
 If the virus touches your skin, it can enter
through a cut, so you don’t even know you
have them. The result could be a plantar
wart, which may be hard, flat and gray or
brown in colour.
WARTS 9

10. How do you treat warts?
• Don’t try to treat warts yourself. Your doctor may remove the wart with a laser or by
minor surgery.
• Although there are many over-the-counter wart treatments (Example :Warto Plus),
you should only use them if your doctor advises it.
• You could accidentally mistake a wart for something like a skin cancer and delay
getting the right treatment and some of those gels and liquids contain acids or
chemicals that may destroy healthy tissue.
• If you have diabetes, heart disease or circulatory disorders, you should never use
these treatments.
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11. Shankar
Himalay
Nuvo
tone
Krack
Marketed product
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12. 1. Avoid antiperspirants
• Sweating is a natural phenomenon, due to the
presence of pores on the skin surface.
• Antiperspirants block these sweat ducts,
especially due to the presence of aluminum, and
are the most common reason for an itchy skin
under at the armpits.
2. Providing extra care to the sensitive area
• A regular use of facial products for this delicate
area of the body provides the correct gentle care
it needs because these products tend to be less
harsh than those being used for the entire body.
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13. 3. Hair removal
• Shaving, waxing and laser treatment are some of the effective methods of hair
removal and maintaining the basic hygiene of the area.
• Gentle exfoliation before removing the hair makes the process less painful and
long-lasting.
• Regular hair removal keeps the area soft and smooth and reduces the chances of
an irritated skin.
4. Taking care of the odor
• Using deodorants that contain linseed oil help prevent the unpleasant odour,
without introducing any itchiness or rashes.
• Odour can also be treated naturally using lemon juice.
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14. 5. Preventing skin darkening
• Underarm hyper-pigmentation and excessive darkening may be caused due to
various reasons- including excessive use of harsh deodorants, hormonal changes
in the body and excessive UV exposure.
• This can be treated by masks prepared from natural ingredients, like Aloe,
turmeric, activated charcoal and honey.
6. Letting the skin breathe
• Providing ample rest to the body, reducing stress and eating healthy food a fresh
and a glowing skin naturally.
• Like any other part of the body, underarms are equally important and need an
extra care owing to its sensitive nature.
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15. Marketed Product
Deowhite
Nivya
Qraa
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16. What is sweating and body odor?
• Sweating is the secretion of fluids by sweat
glands (made up of eccrine glands and
apocrine glands) onto the surface of the skin,
mainly for the purpose of maintaining body
temperature within an ideal range.
• Sweat itself does not smell but body odor may
occur when bacteria on the skin break down
acids contained in the sweat produced by
apocrine glands, which are located in the
armpits.
• The bacteria’s waste products are produce the
smell.
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17. How are sweating and body odour treated?
• Keep the skin clean by taking a daily bath or shower.
• Regularly wash clothing and wear clean clothes.
• Limit spicy foods and garlic in the diet, which can increase body odour. The same
may be true of a diet high in red meats.
• Use a topical antiperspirant, which works by pulling sweat back into the sweat
glands.
• Keep the armpits shaved so that sweat evaporates more quickly and does not have
as much time to interact with bacteria.
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18. • Wear clothing made of natural fibers (wool, cotton or silk) that allow the
skin to breathe.
• A treatment called iontophoresis can help with sweaty hands and feet.
• Small injections of botulinum toxin in the armpits can temporarily block a chemical that
promotes sweating.
• Prescription medicines may be used to prevent sweating. This treatment should be used
carefully because the body may not have the ability to cool itself when needed.
• Surgery can remove sweat glands from under the arms or prevent nerve signals from reaching
the sweat glands. The latter type of surgery is called a sympathectomy.
• Use of a hand-held device that emits electromagnetic waves can destroy sweat glands under
the arms.
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19. Marketed product
Deowhite Theraputic
soap
Rexona
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20. 1. Always use a High SPF sunscreen.
• First things : Sunscreen is a must.
• When picking out the perfect formula for
your neck, look for a product that
protects against UV rays.
2. Don't forget to exfoliate.
• Like your face, your neck and chest can
accumulate dead skin cells and, as a
result, look rougher (and older) than they
actually are.
• To use a gentle exfoliator to promote
circulation and prepare your skin for
moisturizer.
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21. 3. Moisturize
• Moisturizer hydrating these areas should be a top priority.
• Hydrating the skin in this area is key, as the more hydrated the
skin is more healthy and radiant it will appear.
• "Hyaluronic acid-containing products can help to not only draw in moisture, but can
hydrate the skin, improving the appearance of fine lines.“
4. Try an at-home peel
• At-home peels are fabulous for giving immediate results and a glow to this area.
• "Combine alpha and beta hydroxy acids and salicylic acid for a gentle at-home
chemical peel.
• By exfoliating and re-texturizing the skin, these treatments target sun damage and
brighten your skin."
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22. 5.Use products designed specifically for the neck and décolletage.
• The skin on the neck and chest is delicate and may be more sensitive to some of the
same ingredients used on the face.
• so, it is still important to apply anti-aging ingredients to the neck, the frequency and
amount may be different to minimize irritation.
6. Apply products with upward strokes.
• As is the case with your face, whenever you apply products to your chest and neck, it's
best to do so in long, upward motions.
• This helps promote a lifted appearance.
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23. 7. Sun Protection
• Daily sun protection is must. The skin on your face, neck and chest is thinner than
the rest of your body, which makes it more prone to sun damage.
• Sun damage can lead to premature aging, hyper-pigmentation and wrinkles.
• Skin cells that have gone through repeated sun damage start to lose their
regenerative ability, which means that sun damage can become permanent
damage.
• So, We recommend applying sunscreen to face and neck
every day before going outside.
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24. 8. Diet
• Your diet can play a big role in the appearance of your skin. It is important to stay
away from refined sugars, as they may cause skin tags and hyperpigmentation.
• To increase silicons and boost hydration try eating more cucumber and watermelon.
• We also recommend focusing on foods that will help boost collagen such as kiwis,
almonds and all types of citrus fruits.
• You could also consider including a collagen supplement and add it to your morning
smoothie or coffee.
• Taking a collagen supplement will help thicken the skin.
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25. 9. Protect Your Lymph
• Take a look at the labels of the sunscreen, perfume, makeup and hair products that
you are using.
• If any of these products contain ingredients like phthalates, parabens or synthetic
colour you want to keep them away from your skin.
• Toxins and chemicals will leach into your system through the lymph and can
damage your skin and your overall health.
• Daily dry brushing will also help your lymph function properly and expel the toxins
that can build-up.
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26. Marketed product
Pep up
Lamer
Nuskhe
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27. • Growth in the market can be attributed to growing disposable income leading to
increasing purchasing power of the people.
• Emergence of online retail and increasing inclination of youth towards skin care and
other grooming products is another key factor which is expected to drive the
cosmetics market during the forecast period.
• Moreover, rising consumer awareness and preference to buy advanced skin care
products which not only make them look beautiful but also enhance their skin type is
also leading to huge demand for cosmetics products.
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28. • Increasing demand for herbal cosmetic products among Indian consumers is also creating
a wide growth opportunity for manufacturers.
• Rising awareness towards body aesthetics, especially among women is making India one
of the largest consumers of cosmetic products around the world.
• The Indian Cosmetics Market is categorized based on category, distribution channel and
competition. Based on category the market is categorized into body care, hair care, colour
cosmetics ,fragrances , etc.
• Body care products which include products such as hand cream, body lotion, among
others led the market with share of 45.01% in Fiscal year 2020 and the trend is forecast to
continue in the coming years as well.
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29. Market review of Cosmetic product
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30. • “It is describe as something as controversial that they
are the subject of intense public argument ,
disagreement or disapproval. “
• These ingredient have come under fire by consumer and
some processors are removing them.
• To keep it with competitor and stay ahead in cosmetic
industry , food companies need to know what consumer want
and don’t want and give it to them or remove it quickly.
• The FDA expects the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR), the
industry's safety and research board that publishe reviewed
studies on all ingredients used, to ensure the safety of all
ingredients and products.
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31. • For one, chemical doesn’t always mean “bad” and natural doesn’t always mean
“good”.
• There are countless lab-made compounds that are perfectly safe for humans, and
plenty of things in nature that can be harmful in one way or another.
• There’s a lot of research into what’s safe and what may not be, but the results often
don’t lead to clear-cut answers like use this and avoid that.
• Many chemicals in use simply lack enough quality data for us to really understand
how safe or risky they are.
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32. • Parabens are widely use preservative and it is used in various pharmaceutical
products.
• They are series of P-hydroxybenzoate or ester of P-hydroxybenzoic acid.
• It is used in many cosmetic formulation such as moisturizer, tanning solution and
also in food additives.
• It is more effective against broad spectrum of microorganisms by inhibiting the
synthesis of DNA and RNA.
• Common parabens included : methyl paraben , propyl paraben , etc.
Paraben
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33. • Paraben are controversial due to following factor given by FDA :
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Negligible risk
to the endocrine
gland.
Allergic reaction Breast cancer
Early puberty
Estrogenic
activity

34. • Regulations :
-The European Scientific Committee On Consumer Safety(SCCS) repeated in 2013
that methyl paraben and ethyl paraben are safe at the maximum authorized
concentration. ( upto 0.4% for one ester or 0.8% used in combination )
-They concluded that the use of butyl paraben and propyl paraben as preservative in
finished cosmetics product is safe to the consumer.
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35. • Alternative for paraben :
-Phenoxyethanol used upto 1% in all product categories.
-Sodium benzoate in combination with potassium sorbate upto 2.5% in
rinse off product , 1.7% in oral care product.
-Benzyl alcohol upto 1% and Dehydroacetic acid upto 0.6%.
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36. • Formaldehyde is colorless, strong smelling gas used in wide range of industries and
care product.
• Formaldehyde and Formaldehyde releasing preservative are found in many personal
care product , like shampoo , liquid baby soap, nail polish , hair gel , etc.
• Formaldehyde liberators are controversial due to following factor given by
FDA :
- Cancer
- Skin irritation
Formaldehyde Liberator
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37. • Regulations :
- Banned from use in cosmetics and toiletries in Japan and Sweden.
- Europe allow use of quaternium 15 upto 0.2% as preservative in cosmetics products.
• Alternative for Formaldehyde Liberators :
Glyoxal
Quaternium 15
Bromopol
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38. • 1,4 dioxane is generated through a process called as ‘Ethoxylation’, in which
ethylene oxide, a known breast carcinogens is add to other chemical to make them
harsh.
• Example like Sodium laurel sulphate.
• Other common ingredients that may be contaminated by 1,4 dioxane included PEG
compounds and chemicals that included ‘Xynol’ and ‘Oleth’.
• Most commonly 1,4-dioxane is found in product like shampoo, liquid soap, bubble
bath.
1,4 Dioxane
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39. • 1,4 Dioxane are controversial due to following factor given by FDA:
- Cancer
- Organ toxicity
• Regulations :
- As per regulation , it is found that limit for dioxane safe for human is less
than 10 ppm.
- Banned and found unsafe for use in cosmetics in Canada.
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40. • How to avoid :
- The FDA does not require 1,4 dioxane to be listed as ingredient on product
because the chemical is contaminant produced during manufacturing.
- Vacuum striping can remove 1,4 dioxane from an ethoxylated product.
- Additionally , consumer can avoid product that contain SLS , xynol and oleth
like chemicals.
- A good way to avoid exposure to this chemical is buy product that have been
certified under USFDA or FDA.
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41. • Give brief note on controversial Ingredient.
• Write note on care needs for Feet and Nails.
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42. 1. Poucher’s Perfumes , cosmetics and soaps ; Hilda Butler ;10th edition; volume 3 ; pg
130,167,326-340.
2. Handbook Of Cosmetic Science and Technology ; Andre O. Barel , Marc Paye
and Howard I Maibach ; 3rd edition ; Pg 631, 643, 745.
3. https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/healthy-feet-tips
4. https://www.1mg.com/articles/6-useful-tips-take-care-underarms/
5. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/17865-sweating-and-body-odor
6. https://www.prevention.com/beauty/skin-care/g20503465/10-controversial- ingredients-
in-your-beauty-products/
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