Aboriginal Rights Of Aboriginal People

Aboriginal Rights Of Aboriginal People
In 1967, a landmark event occurred for the Indigenous Community of Australia. They were no longer declared Flora and Fauna This means that
Aboriginal people would be considered a part of the landscape and not humans in their own right.. In 1967, a Referendum was held by all members of
Australian society voting on the issue of allowing Indigenous Australian to be a part of the census and thereby able to vote and be counted as part of
Australia's population. This achieved not only citizenship for Aboriginal people, but put the issue of Indigenous Rights on both the political and social
platforms. This essay will look at the lead up to the Referendum, how Aborigines and their supporters communicated their belief in their rights to the
...show more content...
After this time, many atrocities occurred, such as the fact that Aboriginals were often killed for sport, and massacres such as Myall Creek were
occurring, where 28 Aboriginal men, women and children were murdered near Myall Creek Station in 1838. There was also the problem of the
Stolen Generation, when Aboriginal children were forcibly taken from their homes to be raised as though they were white. It was only recently in
2008, that Kevin Rudd, the Prime Minister of Australia at the time, apologised for the actions that the government had undertaken. In another
apologetic move, Prime Minister Paul Keating delivered a powerful speech regarding the fact that Aboriginal Communities were still segregated
despite the fact that laws had been changed a number of years ago. This shows that the idea of atonement by Australia is quite a new topic. Does this
prove the challenges that Aboriginal's faced nearly 200 years ago are still present in today's society? It was enough to force the Aboriginal men,
women and children to begin act in support of their rights.
Following World War II, Australia was split in two. The majority of people were those that lived in houses which had both power and water. However,
the Indigenous minority of Australia was not so lucky. They were not eligible for the same benefits that the White citizens of Australia
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Aboriginal Rights Reflection
I am in the group aboriginal rights. Honestly, when I saw I was part of this group I had to look up what the term actually meant. After some
personal research to become familiar with the term, I dove in. Our group got to work identifying tasks. There are three members in our group and
each member has done an exceptional job putting in key research for the project. I have experience with website design so we agreed I would
work on that. Another member of our group was assigned to researching some key sources and has provided us via email with multiple key sources
for our topic. The final member gave some suggestions for a focus for our group as well as making some lists to presenting to us. We discussed a focus
of our topic as Poor Education

Aboriginal Land Rights In Australia
Land is considered mother earth to Indigenous Australians, the source of all creation, yielding all the necessities of life– food, clothing and shelter
dated back since over 40,000 years ago when Aborigines first came to Australia. In present period, Indigenous still are spiritually linked to the land
rights of this country, which will be further discussed and analysed throughout this ethnographic report. Shortly after the arrival of the Indigenous, the
white settlement invaded on the 26th January 1788. Although the white settlement almost created the extinction of indigenous, still in the 21st century
their culture and traditions are practiced and recognised. The indigenous have a different connection with the land, a more spiritual connection...show
more content...
The Native Title Act 1993, which establishes the recognition of the indigenous connections and rights to land and water. Eddie Mabo was the
motivator for this legislation in favour towards Aboriginals inextricably linking to the land. Eddie Mabo of the Murray Islands sought confirmation of
their traditional land rights, began action in May of 1982. The claim was made by four other Meriam people, who lived in permanent communities
with their own social and political organisation. The surrounding reefs and islands had been continuously inhabited and exclusively possess by the
Meriam people. The High Court upheld the claim and ruled that the lands of the continent were not terra nullius, my majority of six to one on the 3 of
June, 1992. The Meriam people were entitled as against the whole world to possession, occupation, use and enjoyment of most of the lands of the
Murray Islands. This concluded the doctrine of terra nullius Australia, land belonging to no one, motivating all European colony's be investigated
proving the terra nullius myth. In summary, the Mabo case was denied endless times although that did not cause Eddie Mabo to give up. His judgement
towards the rejection of the courts proceedings surprised and motivated many to continue. Mabo had three options to go after the judge denial and
chose the voracious opportunity, the one with most significance. Australia barrister Bryan Keon–Cohen, junior counsel for the plaintiff in Mabo v
Queensland quotes "We advised him on a certain course and he took that advice on the chin and proceeded. That is to say "forget these adverse
findings of fact in respect of you. There's a bigger and more important issue. We do have findings to go into the High Court. Proceed into the High
Court and seek a finding in respect of the other plaintiffs". He did

Aboriginal Rights In Australia
Across the world, countries such as New Zealand and Canada recognise their Indigenous cultures in their respective constitutions. Indigenous
Australians don't have this same treatment, with there being no mention of indigenous peoples in the Australian Constitution. Currently in all forms of
Australian Government, there is a formal 'Acknowledgement of Country' before proceedings, though this remains a formality rather than a necessity.
The Australian Government also introduced the Native Title Act (1993), which repeals the title of 'Terra Nullius' (no–man's land) that was given to
Australia at the time of British discovery. The Native Title Act also presents a process in whichIndigenous Australians can make claims onto land that
they can prove to be culturally significant to their respective tribe or community. Furthermore, 'Sorry Day' and 'Reconciliation Day', which are both
nationally recognised events that commemorate and pay respects to the Indigenous people mistreated in the past....show more content...
The lack there of would thereby mean that Australia is in breach of International Law. Furthermore, Article One of the United Nations Declaration of
Human Rights (UNDHR) states that "[a]ll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights." The exclusion of Indigenous Australians and
their rightful ownership of Australia is clearly the Australian Government depriving said Indigenous Australians of the respect and dignity they

Essay On Aboriginal Rights
Indigenous people to gain legal recognition in Australia and reclaim their lands. Ironically, Aboriginals are being restricted the freedom from exercising
their property rights. Therefore, the question is whether the Indigenous people is being unfairly treated under native title.
The introduction of NTA to the Indigenous people places them in a more solid position to negotiate agreements and to deal with their nation. (Kimberly
Land Council, Nolan Hunter). For example, the agreements that the Indigenous people had made are Ranger Uranium Project Agreement and the
Kakadu National Park Lease Agreement which enhanced their standard of living.
Based on Nyangumarta Elder, expressed that they feel empowered as before the Act, the Aboriginals never had recognition as traditional owners and
rights in their own country. It is significant to the Aboriginals...show more content...
It is hard to claim ongoing connection with the Aboriginal's land as of the colonisation by New South Wales and Queensland successively in 1797 and
1879. After that, by 1913, Queensland then bought the land from the Meriam people and built a police station on it. Therefore, it is hard to prove as
there has been development of the land which extinguished the native title. At present, there is significant red tape that stops economic development
and the development of housing, such as legal limitations of land being used to raise finance. (Commissioner Wilson) It is significant for the
Indigenous people to have their own property rights. As some of them are from low income background in which this is the opportunity for them to
make money by raising capitals. It is shown that in 2011, HILDA data found that there are 19.3% of Aboriginals people living in poverty. Therefore,
it is impossible to claim back the native title as this people is low income

The Australian Aboriginal Rights Movement
Throughout the 1960s, many Australian people formed coalitions to protest for their rights. For example, civil rights movements were essential in
supporting the Aboriginal People. The Australian Aboriginal Rights Movement aimed to gain full citizenship for Aboriginal peoples. This effort in
Australia was one of the largest civil rights movements in the last one hundred years across the globe. These Australian Aborigines suffered from
significant racial oppression and dispossession. The Aboriginal Movement was defined by student protestors such as Charles Perkins, who displayed
the power of public protest through the Freedom Ride of 1965. The Freedom Ride focused on enlightening the world on the discrimination the
Aboriginal people faced each day, so the Aboriginals could ultimately become equal with the whites inAustralia, Progress was also made through the
political process with the Commonwealth 1967 Referendum, which led to a review of two discriminatory provisions regarding the Aborigines in the
Australian Constitution. However, the Freedom Ride was more influential in ending many social and economic inequalities for Aborigines than the
Commonwealth Referendum because it shone a light on the struggles Aboriginal people faced, served as a lesson to the Aborigines on how to resist
discrimination, and created momentum for making real changes in Australian society that benefited the Aborigines.
The Australian Aboriginal Movement was so effective

Aboriginal Land Rights within Australia Essay
Terra Nullius was once apparent in Australian society, but has now been nullified with the turn of the century. With the political changes in our society,
and the apology to Indigenous Australians, society is now witnessing an increase in aboriginals gaining a voice in today's society. Described by Pat
Dodson (2006) as a seminal moment in Australia's history, Rudd's apology was expressed in the true spirit of reconciliation opening a new chapter in
the history of Australia. Considerable debate has arisen within society as to whether aboriginals have a right to land that is of cultural significance and
whether current land owners will be able to keep their land.
An issue facing society is whether legislation in place is sufficient in...show more content...
Case by case indigenous Australians begin to gain access to the land that was taken from them.
Contentious debate continues to rage in present society opening a floodgate of ethical issues which can have detrimental effects on all parties
involved. Ethics vary from each individual and tend to stem from their own belief systems external to that person (Dosen, Harris, Brock, Imariso and
Smith 2007:336). These ethics give rise to conflicting arguments in present society. 50 years ago, Indigenous Australians were not entitled to enter a
bar, cafe, swimming pool, or a cinema, if that deprivation of basic rights wasn't enough; they then took children from their mothers later on known as
the 'stolen generation' (www.creativespirits.2008). The stolen generation, estimated at over 100,000 children were taken from their homes and placed
in missions, reserves or dormitories (www.creativespirits.2008). "I feel our childhood has been taken away from us and it has left a big hole in our
lives" an Indigenous Australian part of the stolen generation (www.creativespirtis.2008). The loss of ones culture and identity was deemed worse then
being poor and living in sub standard living with their families.
The case of Mabo v Others v State of Queensland (No.2) (1992) 175 CLR 1 (www.austlii, 1993), rewrote common law as the court ruled in a six to one
majority, that the people of

Aboriginal Land Rights Essay
Aboriginal people, since British settlement, have faced great inequalities and much racial discrimination on their own soil. Aboriginal Australians
through great struggle and conflict have made significant progress in the right to their own land. To better understand the position of the Aboriginal
Australians, this essay will go into more depth about the rights that Aboriginal people had to their own land prior to federation. It will also include
significant events and key people who activated the reshaping of land rights for Indigenous Australians and how that has affected the rights Aboriginal
people now have in the 21st Century, in regards to their land. Aboriginal people struggled to uphold their traditional customs and rituals as they did
not have the rights and access to their own land prior to and post federation in 1901. Healey ed. (2002), experienced editor and author states, when the
British settlers arrived they overlooked the fact that Aboriginal people claimed and were sustaining the land of Australia. Britain had declared Terra
Nullius despite their knowledge of the inhabitants of the land, the traditional owners. Throughout settlement, policies were put in place by the colonists
to minimise land used for spiritual reasons by Aboriginal Australians (Korff, 2016). Hillman (2001), educator and author, infers that with this their
culture was dramastically changed. Aboriginal people fought back for their rightful land, but their protests were insignificant

Aboriginal Rights Case Summary
Analysis: Several questions were raised in the analysis of this case. Firstly, "whether the pleadings preclude the court form entertaining claims for
aboriginal title and self government?" The original claim was comprised of 51 individual claims by 51 different Chiefs from the Houses of Gitksan
and Wet'suwet'en nations on behalf of their houses. The claims were for ownership and jurisdiction of the area. On appeal, the claim was transformed
into a claim for Aboriginal title and self–government made by the two nations as communal claims. The court ordered a new trial because no
amendment was made in respect to the merging of the individual claims into two communal claims. The lack of amendment caused the respondents to
suffer prejudice that impeded...show more content...
Because of the heavy reliance on oral history, the court had to confront the tension between the common law rules of evidence and Aboriginal culture.
Problematically, most oral histories are made up of out–of–court statements that are passed on through generations, but when admitted as evidence
conflict with the rules of hearsay. It was noted that aboriginal rights are sui generis, and as a result require a special approach when dealing with
evidence as long as it is done in a way that doesn't strain the "Canadian legal and constitutional structure." Thirdly, the court considered what the,
"content of Aboriginal title is, how it is protected by section 35(1) and what is required for its proof?" The content of aboriginal title was said to be a,
"right in land and, as such is more than the right to engage in specific activities which may be themselves aboriginal rights." The activities conducted
on the land do not constitute the right, although they are inherently a part of the nature of the attachment to the land. Aboriginal title is a sui generis
interest, which is different from a fee

Aboriginal Civil Rights Movement
1. Why did four Indigenous activists erect a beach umbrella on the lawns of Old Parliament House? On Australia Day in 1972, Indigenous activists
erected a beach umbrella on the lawns outside of Old Parliament House. They set this up to start a protest; they placed a sign that said "Embassy" to
represent a displaced nation. The McMahon Liberal Government made a statement in which land rights were rejected in favour of 50–year leases to
Aboriginal communities, the activists were against this and this was the reason that this protest started. The activists were repeatedly asked when the
protest would end and they said that they would stay until Aboriginal Australians had land rights, which could be forever. 2. Is source 2 a primary or
6. Using all the sources, explain what happened to the Aboriginal Tent embassy in 1972. On Australia day 1972 four Indigenous activists, Michael
Anderson, Billy Craigie, Bertie Williams and Tony Koorie erected a beach umbrella on the lawns of Parliament House. These four people set up a
protest and placed signs which said 'Embassy', this was to represent a displaced nation. The protesters were against the McMahon Liberal Government's
statement in which land rights were rejected to Aboriginal communities. They issued a petition which had a detailed five point plan which addressed
that Aboriginals had ownership of existing reserves and settlements. The Aboriginal protesters said that they would stay out on the lawns opposing until
the Aboriginal Australians were granted their land rights. After a while the Government realized that they needed to get rid of the Aboriginals that
were camped at Old Parliament House. They decided that they would be removed without any disturbance and with plenty of notice. The police pulled
down and raided the tent embassy may times and many Aboriginals were arrested. Even through all of this and the support through the nation the
embassy said that they would stay until they were granted their land

Aboriginal Land Rights in Australia
Terra Nullius was once apparent in Australian society, but has now been nullified with the turn of the century and the changes of societal attitudes.
With the political changes in our society, and the apology to Indigenous Australians, society is now witnessing an increase in aboriginals gaining a
voice in today's society. Kevin Rudd's apology as described by Pat Dodson (2006) as a seminal moment in Australia's history, expressed the true spirit
of reconciliation opening a new chapter in the history of Australia. Although from this reconciliation, considerable debate has arisen within society as to
whether Aboriginals have a right to land of cultural significance. Thus, causing concern for current land owners, as to whether they will be...show more
content...
This decision left pastoralists unsure of their right to land, however the National Indigenous Working Group (NIWG) accepted that existing rights of
pastoralists to operate and develop their leases without any need to negotiate with native title holders. This provides pastoralists with the 'certainty' that
they had before the Wik decision. Recently, Indigenous land owners on May 23, 2011 had the Federal Court of Australia rule that over 26,000 square
kilometres in Western Australia's north Kimberley region was an indigenous protected area. This decision has allowed indigenous members of the
community to progress forward and create benefits for themselves and their community. In making the decisions of such acts, many societal viewpoints
would have been considered.
In establishing an act, the stakeholder's positions would need to be considered in order to ensure an equitable legislation for the majority of society.
Stakeholders recognised by the law include: All registered native title bodies corporate in relation to land or waters in the area (Austlii: 1993).
Pastoralists involved in relation to current land owners. Government bodies; influence the execution of laws and policies on members of society. Once
a decision is passed, it can be used as precedent in future cases and therefore the decisions passed must have due consideration. An organisation that
educates society on the issues of Indigenous

Aboriginal Land Rights
Australia is one of the few countries that acknowledge the legal land rights of minority groups or aboriginal people. The Aboriginal Land Rights Act of
1976, which was passed in December 1976, legally recognized land ownership by Aboriginal people. Recognizing the importance of land to their
cultural identity, the Australian government, through this law, effectively provided land for Aboriginal people in the Northern Territory. This law has
a great impact on the peaceful settlement of land disputes and has avoided violent confrontations between the indigenous landowners and development
companies. It has given therefore given rise to responsible and sustainable development of aboriginal or indigenous lands of the Northern Territory.
Under...show more content...
If the Aboriginal land will be used for personal, businesses or community purpose, the Land Trust may grant interest over that land. To provide check
and balance, and to see to it that the traditional owners agree with any proposals on their land, the Land Council was created. The Land Council
ensures that traditional owners have been consulted and that their consent was sought on decisions regarding their land use. The Land Council, who is
composed of elected Aboriginal people, leads the Land Trust to discharge the proposals for the land. The Council assists the Aboriginal people in their
claims and management of their land including the financial management of any income received on their land use.
Since most of the land use of aboriginal lands pertains to mining, the Act sets out strict requirements before mining can be done on Aboriginal lands.
Consultation with traditional land owners is a must. Mining companies must provide exact details of their plan. Traditional owners have two years to
decide whether or not they will accept the proposal. If traditional owners did not approve of the plan, mining companies will be blocked for five years.
This regulation would guarantee the protection of their Aboriginal lands against

Write An Essay On Aboriginal Rights And Freedoms
Aboriginal Rights & Freedoms
When European colonists settled in Australia they treated the Aboriginal people extremely different to that of their fellow white men. The
Aboriginals were not seen as first class citizens through the European eye and as a result were victims of extreme oppressions and had nearly no
rights or freedoms. Since then Aboriginal people have fought to be treated equally to the white men through various different ways. I will discuss the
previous struggles faced by the Aboriginals, the Australian strife for equality and finally the level of success and degree of rights and freedoms given
to Aboriginals in modern Australia.
In the early stages of colonization in Australia aboriginals were hardly treated as humans and were not given access to the same rights and freedoms
the settlers had. Whilst it was not as extreme as slavery amongst African Americans in the...show more content...
There are still many social adversities that statistically Aboriginals are more prone to than whites such as domestic violence and substance abuse. The
government aims to help out the Aboriginal community with even more benefits than the white Australian receives such as free medical care and legal
services, help with housing requirements and many payment options to help those in need. Despite all this being Aboriginals on average have a lower
level of employment to non–indigenous Australians and have a lower level of education. This is slightly similar to South Africa following apartheid
although to less of an extent, poverty levels being higher and land still being owned by whites. It is very much similar to that of USA where their black
community on average is more so in poverty than their white counterpart, although they are given the same rights and opportunities theoretically the
social barriers still

Aboriginal Rights Research Paper
Throughout the 20th Century Indigenous Australians rights have been detrimentally and unjustly affected by the frequent changing of governmental
policies. This has been evidenced throughout the history of Australia, starting as early as the beginning of colonisation, to current time. In this time,
Indigenous Australians have been forced from the land that they not only have used to sustain their physical needs, but is significant to their spiritual
beliefs and Dreamtime. During the course of Australia's shared history, there has been many different periods greatly dependant on the Government at
the time and their beliefs when it come to the rights of the Indigenous people, discussed in this essay are the, Protection Policy, Assimilation Policy,

Aboriginal Rights In Canada
For much of Canada's history there has been an ongoing attempt by the Canadian government to assimilate Aboriginals into our Canadian political
culture. However many of these attempts have robbed Aboriginal people from their cultural heritage and has gone against their own values.
Aboriginals believe that their treatment by the federal government has been an absolute disgrace, as many Aboriginals believe that they are being
treated as third class citizens. After the failed constitutional conferences on Aboriginal issues concluded just weeks before the Meech Lake Accord was
signed in 1987, it was clearly proven that the Canadian Federal Government had completely shut Aboriginals out of the Meech Lake Accord, and gave
them no consideration of...show more content...
First Nations would have to be able to have access to enough fiscal resources to manage their self–government and to tax their own citizens and land. A
self governing First Nations would have the power to legislate their own constitution and set their own code of values and citizenship guidelines. First
Nations self governance would also be given the power to administer their own justice system, courts . This would mean that laws would be written
for and by First Nations citizens so all would be seen equally under the eyes of their own laws.
Why Canada's Protection of First Nations Land has not been working? It has been proven that Canada's legislative and administrative protection given
to fund Aboriginal territory has not been working in regards to addressing Aboriginal political status, land claims and entitlement, resource
development and territory jurisdiction. Canada most recently has been attempting to municipalize Aboriginal lands and delegate them under municipal
control. First Nations citizens want their own self–autonomy and not to be ruled by municipalities.
Self

Rights and Freedoms of Aboriginals Essay
The rights and freedoms of Aboriginals have improved drastically since 1945 with many changes to government policy, cultural views and legal rules
to bring about a change from oppression to equality. Unfortunately on the other hand, some rights and freedoms have not improved at all or have even
worsened. Firstly the change in legal and constitutional rights have been a great creator of rights for the Aboriginal people. Up until 1967 the
Aboriginals did not have the right to be counted in the census. This was basically a way of saying that the Aboriginals were not Australians, almost not
even people. Fortunately the 1967 referendum gave Aboriginals citizenship. It did however not end any discrimination against the Aboriginal people and
Another challenge to land ownership was the Tent Embassy on the parliament house lawns. This constant public pressure caused the government to
express interest in giving land rights to Aboriginals. This was completed with Justice Woodward's report in 1974 that recommended that Aboriginal
reserves are to be returned to Aboriginal ownership, that Aboriginals had claim to vacant land if they could prove ties with the land, that Aboriginal
sacred sites were protected. This was great as it gave power to the Aboriginals. It did however also mean that if they had sacred land that was already
owned if not even used would not be returned to them. This was passed in 1976 when the Aboriginal Land Rights Act was passed. Later in 1981 the
Northern Territory government opposes land rights and attempts to amend the land rights act to stop claims of owned stations and property. The
attitudes of the white Australians also had a huge impact on change of rights and freedoms as it pressured the government into giving Aboriginals
rights and freedoms. The 1967 was testament to this when a huge 90.77% of Australians agreed that Aboriginals had the right to be counted in the
census. There has never been any real public objections to giving aboriginals rights, merely quiet harbored prejudices in the persons' mind. On the
other side of the case the Aboriginal rights in general have not improved with many Aboriginals being

Aboriginal Rights In Australia
After the arrival of the first European settlements, everything has changed. Europeans took over the power. From that day, Aboriginal people lost their
rights, their lands, and worst their identity. White people tried and still trying to assimilate Aboriginal peoples into their culture. Later on, they raised
their voice against the intention to be recognized. Slowly, they are getting few rights, but can't compare them to the Canadians living beside them.
Which brought me today to talk about the mixed marriage, its law and about the Canadian women but especially about Aboriginal people. In this
paper, I will first give an overview of my first article, and then will provide a critical review comparing my both articles, "The Ceremony of Marriage"

Aboriginal Land Rights Essay
Aboriginal Land Rights
Aboriginal Australians have always had an eternal bond with the land. For the 50,000 years or more, they have occupied the continent; the land
provided not only the basic needs, but also the spiritual beliefs. In the Dreaming, the forms of the land, mountains, rivers, landscapes and animals took
shape and the spirit of ancestors resided in places that became sacred sites to the Aboriginal people. The land to these people were their most precious
commodity.
When white settlement began in Australia in 1788, the concept of terra nullius {the land belonging to no–one} was adopted by the British. This was
assumed because the Aboriginals had not cultivated the land, so it...show more content...
It also found it was out of step with international human rights and that Aboriginals had been dispossessed of their land rights unlawfully.
Native Title Act 1993
After the Mabo case which recognised the existence of native title rights, Land Councils lobbied the Federal Government to legislate to protect any
native title that had survived 200 years of colonisation.
The Native Title Act 1993 is part of the Commonwealth Government's response to that historic High Court decision. The Native Title Act came into
operation on 1 January 1994
The Act does five things:
* It recognises and protects native title.
* It provides a regime to enable future dealings in native title lands and imposes conditions on those dealings
* It provides for the validation of any past grants of land that may otherwise have been invalid because of the existence of native title

* It establishes a regime to ascertain where native title exists, who holds it and what it is, and to determine compensation for acts affecting it.
* It creates a land acquisition fund to meet the needs of dispossessed Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples who would not be able to claim
native title.
Wik Case 1996
After the Mabo Case resolved the land rights dilemma of Aboriginals, there were unresolved conflicts on the issue of pastoral leases,

Australian Aborigines Essay
Australian Aborigines
Australian Aborigines are thought to have the longest continuous cultural history in the world. Yet, within a hundred years, the near extinction of the
Aboriginal culture almost occurred. This single event, the invasion of the Australian continent by European settlers, changed the lifestyle, the culture,
and the fate of Australian Aborigines. Their entire lives were essentially taken away and they were forced into a white, European world where the
lifestyle change could not have been any different. Aborigines in Australia today are struggling to deal with a past in which they lost touch with their
culture and now are trying to regain some of that cultural identity.
In order to understand the effects of...show more content...
Australian Aborigines believe that to destroy or damage a sacred site threatens not only the present inhabitants but also the spiritual inhabitants of the
land. Broome described that "Each tribe believed that its boundaries were fixed and validated by the stories about the movements of their ancestors,
and therefore there was no reason to desire or try to possess the country of another group: it would have seemed meaningless to them since their
creation stories only related to their own piece of territory" (14). Australian Aborigines traveled around a land that was a symbolic and religious world.
There were not simply rocks, trees, and watering holes but they were objects and places that the great ancestors had created and places where they still
lived. The Aboriginal culture stressed continuity over change.
The question of intertribal trading and communication occurring between Aboriginal groups is one that is not agreed upon by investigators of the
culture. Broome described in his book, Aboriginal Australians, some trading between groups but did not place an emphasis on it. In fact, Broome
seemed to describe a slow response to European presence because of the lack of sufficient communication between groups (36). However, Reynolds in
The Other Side of the

Aboriginal Rights Of Aboriginal People

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