COMPLETE NOTES OF UNIT -01 SUBJECT :- PHARMACEUTICS

1. Lecture-6
Question:- Define dosage form with flow chart.
Define powder. What is Hygrocopy, deliquescent, Effervescent and efflorescent.
Drug:- The word “drug” is derived from the old French word “drogue” which means a “dry herb”;
Drug is a substance used for the diagnosis, treatment, prevention of disease in the human beings or
animal and they may be used for internal and external.
DOSAGE FORM
The term “dosage forms” refers to pharmaceutical preparations or formulations in which a specific
mixture of drug substances (active pharmaceutical ingredients) and inactive components
(excipients).
Dosage form = Drug(API) + Excipients
Dosage forms
Solid Dosage Form Liquid Dosage Form Semi solid Dosage Form Gaseous
Unit Dosage Bulk Mono Phasic Bi phasic External Internal Aerosol
Form External Internal Suspensions Ointments Suppositories Inhaler
Tablet Liniments Syrup Emulsions Creams Pessaries
Capsules Lotions Elixirs Pastes
Powders Gargles Linctus Jellies
Pills Throat paints Drops
Mouth washes
Eye Lotion
Sprays
Eye Drops
Nasal Drops
Internal External
Dusting Powder
Fine powders Granules
& effervescent
Granules
Insufflations
Dentifrice
(Tooth Powder)
Snuffs
Solid dosage forms
The solid dosage forms, which are solid in nature which contains one or more drugs for therapeutic
effects and excipients like Binders, Sweeteners, colouring agents, etc.
Powder
Powder is a homogeneous mixture of finely divided drugs or chemicals in dry form.
Powders are bulk solid dosage form of medicament which are meant for internal and external use.
They are available in crystalline or amorphous form.
Powder are generally used in following forms
1) Bulk powder for internal use example fine powder or granules.

2. 2) bulk powder for external use example snuffs, dusting powders, tooth powder and
Insufflations.
3) Simple and compound powder for internal use.
4) Powder in form of compressed tablets.
5) Powder enclosed in capsules.
Advantage
Many drugs are more stable in powder form as compared to liquid form, e.g., aspirin, penicillin.
Orally administered powders have faster dissolution rate than tablets or capsules. Thus, drug
absorption from powders will be faster than tablet or capsule.
They can be used externally and internally.
Disadvantages
(1) Preparation of powder is time consuming and expensive.
(2) Decomposition of powder by oxidation and moisture is more.
Making it difficult to protect hygroscopic, deliquescent or volatile components
(3) Unpleasant taste of drugs makes it difficult to administer in powder dosage form.
Dusting powders:-
For external applications to the skin and are generally applied in a very fine state use to avoid local
irritation.
Dusting powder should be passed through 80 sieve enhance their effectiveness.
Dusting powder is two types-
Medicated
Surgical
Medicated dusting powders are used mainly for superficial skin condition.
Surgical dusting powders are used in body cavity.
Dusting powders are generally prepared by mixing two or more ingredients starch, Kaolin or talc is
most commonly used because these are chemically inert.
Dusting powder mainly used for an antiseptic absorbents and antiperspirant.
Snuffs
These are finely divided solid dosage forms of medicament which are inhaled into
Nostril for its antiseptic, bronchodilator and decongestion action.
Insufflations
These are medicated dusting powders made to introduce into the body cavity such as nose throat
ears and vagina with the help of an apparatus known as “Insufflators”.
The following difficulties come when using insufflators.
It is difficult to obtain a measured quantity of the drug as a uniform dose.
It get blocked when slightly wet powder use.
Now day insufflations are available in the form of pressure aerosol.
These are used for the administration of potent drug.
This method has advantage of excellent control of dose through meted valves.
Douche powders
These powders are used as antiseptics or cleansing agents into the body cavity;
Used for vaginal, nasal, and ophthalmic use also.
Dental powders
Dental powders are meant for cleaning the teeth. Dental powders contain detergents, abrasives,
antiseptics and colouring and flavouring agents fused in a suitable base.
Generally the base is calcium carbonate. The detergent is in the form of soap.

3. LECTURE-07
Simple and compound powder for internal use
These are unit dose powders normally packed in folded papers and dispensed in envelopes, metal
foils, small heat-sealed plastic bags or other containers.
Usually for the preparation of simple powders, the ingredients are weighed correctly and blend
geometrical mixing in ascending order.
Effervescent Granules
The effervescent granules are solid dosage form of medicament, meant for internal use.
They contain a medicament mixed with citric acid, tartaric acid and sodium bicarbonate.
Sometimes saccharin or sucrose may be added as a sweetening agent.
Before administration, the desired quantity is dissolved in water; the acid and bicarbonate react
together producing effervescence.
Carbon dioxide stimulates the flow of gastric juice and helps in the absorption of medicament.
Hygroscopy:- Certain substance absorb moisture from atmosphere but do not dissolve in it.
These are called hygroscopy substance. Eg. Zinc Chloride, Sodium chloride.
Efflorescent:- Hydrated crystalline salts where expose to the atmosphere at ordinary temperature Loose their
water either partially or completely and become anhydrous. Eg. Washing soda.
Deliquescent:-They absorb water and moisture from the atmosphere and dissolve in it.
They are crystalline water soluble substance. Eg. NaOH, KOH.
Unit dosage form.
Tablet: Tablets are unit solid dosage form made either compression or molding. Contain active
ingredients and excipients.
Capsules: Capsules are solid dosage forms where the active ingredient enclosed within a hard or
soft gelatin.
Granules: Granules are solid dosage forms made up of agglomeration of smaller particles of pow-
ders.
Sachets: Sachets are solid dosage forms containing therapeutic ingredients. Small size spherical
granules packed into a small bag or pouch packet.
Lozenges: It is a solid preparation consisting of sugar and gum, giving strength and cohesiveness to
the lozenge and facilitating slow release of the medicament. - It is used to medicate the mouth and
throat for the slow administration of indigestion or cough remedies.
Natural polymers: Starch, gelatin, acacia, tragacanth.
Synthetic polymer: Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), Methyl cellulose, Ethyl cellulose,
Polyethylene glycol (PEG).
2. Coating Agents: This is used in tablet preparation. To protect the drug from environmental
moisture, light, and it also masks the bitter taste of many drugs.
 Sugar Coating
 Film Coating
 Enteric coating
Excipients needed for solid dosage form:
1. Binding Agents:

4. 3. Preservatives: Preservatives are used to protect the formulation from the attack of
microorganisms. Such as bacterial growth, fungus growth, etc.
Examples of preservative: Phenol, parabens, aryl and alkyl acids, etc.
4. Coloring Agents: Coloring agents are used to giving an attractive outlook for the patients.
natural colors: Turmeric, Titanium Dioxide, etc.
Examples of Synthetic colors: Erythrosine, Tartrazine, etc.
5. Sweetening Agents: : Sucrose, fructose, etc
Assignment
1) Define Hygroscopy
2) Define Deliquescent
3) Define effervescent
4) Define Efflorescent
5) Define Powder.
6) Define Tablet
7) Define Capsules
8) What is medicated Dusting powder
9) What is surgical dusting powder