Classical Dosage form desription

2. PRESENTED BY:
Mudassir Farooq
Session 2012- 2017
Faculty Of Pharmacy
Bhauddin Zakriya Univercity Multan

3. CLASSICAL
DOSAGE
FORM

4.  Classical dosage form include those dosage
form which were used previously in ancient
times but not used commonly now-a-days due
to their certain dis-advantages or advancement
in research & technology .
 Also known as conventional , traditional
or basic dosage form

5.  In previous times , drugs are given in crude
form , but when the crude drugs are purified ,
extracted , dried & changed into solutions or
any other form they show better results , than
in crude form . But this classical dosage form is
without any advanced technology .

6.  Classical dosage form includes following types :-
 PILLS
 CACHETS
 LOZENGES
 MIXTURES
 INHALATIONS
 POWDERS
 GLYCERITES
 THROAT PAINTS
 ELIXIRS
 DRAUGHTS
 GRANULES
 SOLUTIONS
 PESSARIES
 TINCTURES
 SYRUPS
 PASTES
 COLLODIONS

7.  Pills are spherical solid masses containing one
or two ingredients used with a substance called
excipient (acacia , sucrose , glucose etc ) .
 Pills should be such that they should not
crumple easily but should properly dis-
integrated inside the body .
 Weight of the pills ranges from 1-3gm .

8.  To ensure that pills are not too small for
convenient handling or too large for
swallowing . The B.P.C. recommended that
normallythe diameter should not be less than
3mm for pills weighing upto 60mg & not more
than 8mm for pills weighnig about 300mg .

9.  Considerable skill & care are necessary to
produce pills of equal sizes e.g. the pills pipe
must be rolled to a perfect cylinder .

10.  ADVANTAGES :-
 The only , rather minor ,
advantages of pills over tablets & capsules is that
they are usually spherical , they were easier to
swallow .
 DIS-ADVANTAGES :-
 They have seroius dis-advantages :
 .Most pills dis-integrate readily when freshly made
.
 Excessive hardening may also result from using
too much acacia gum as an adhesive gum .

11.  Cachets consists of a dry powder enclosed in a
shell . Cachets are unit dosage form , enclosure
in cachets provide a means of administering
nauseous or disageeable powders in tasteless
form .
 Cachets are moulded from rice paper , a
material made by pouring a mixture of rice
flour & water between two hot , polished
cylinders , the water evaporates & a sheet of
water is formed .

12.  Wet sealed cachets :-
 These consists of two convex
halves , an upper half & a lower half . Both halves have
coinciding flat edges . The weighed powder is placed
inside the lower & the edges of the upper half are
slightly moistened & is then placed on the top of the
lower half & the two edges are tightly pressed together
.
 DRY SEALED CACHETS :-
 The dry sealed cachets are
different , in which the upper half fits on the lower half
like a lid on the box . The projections of both halves are
smaller as they must fit into the holes of the machine .

13.  Cachets have following advantages :
 .large doses can be administered .
 nauseous taste of drugs can be masked .
 better & quicker release of drug for absorption
inside the body .

14.  Cachets have following dis-advantages :
 .hard to swallow .
 very fragile & always under a risk of damage .
 have to be moistened before use .
 production is slow on large scale .
 they occupy more space than the
corresponding size of capsules & tablets .
 they must be softened before swallowing .

15.  Cahcets shoul be labelled with special reference
to direction for use i.e. swallow with water ,
immerse in water before use .
 Should be stored in air tight containers .
 Before administration , a cachet should
be immersed in water for a few seconds , then
placed on tehe tongue & swallowed with a
draught of water .

16.  Sodium aminosalicylate & sodium amino
salicylate with isoniazid cachets .

17.  These are the solid preprations consisting
mainly of sugar 7 gum , ,later giving hardness
& cohesiveness & ensuring slow release of
medicament .
 Lozenges are disc shaped preprations
containing one or two active ingredients along
with sweetening agent , flavouring agent & a
strong binding agent .

18.  Following drugs can be administered in
lozenges form :
 anti-biotics
 anti-tussives
 anti-histamines
 anti-fungal
 anti-inflammatory
 decongestants

19.  On the basis of types of prepration , lozenges are divided into
following :
 COMPRESSED LOZENGES :
 These are manufactured by tableting
technique .
 The raw material is subjected to granulation similar to that of
tablets . It is then subjected to heavy compression , thus forming
thin discs which dissolves slowly in mouth usually compressed
lozenges with approx. 1gm hydro-cortisones .
 MOULDED LOZNEGES :
 The medicaments in powder or solution are
mixed with a basis of sugar & gum , usually sucrose 100 parts ,
acacia 7 parts & water is added , in a suitable mixer , until the
mass is plastic enough to be rolled & cut without crumbling .
 A rolling machine spreads the mass into a sheet of even
thikness from which a cutting machine , with round , oval ,
elongated octagonal shapes lozenges can be prepared .

20.  Lozenges may soften & unless they contain a
preservative become mouldy indamp
conditions . They should be packed in air tight
containers at a cool dry place .
 EXAMPLES :-
 . Liquorice lozenges
 Bismith lozenges

21.  Mixtures are aquoeus solutions or suspensions
intended for oral admininstration .
 Explanation :
 The medicaments usually dissolved in cold
water , where necessary dissolution can be aided
by powdering of cryatalline drugs .
 Tinctures & extracts of vegatable drugs should be
aided to dilutesolution just before the final
adjustment of the volume to avoid precipitation of
colloidal vegatable matter .
 These are relatively simple formulations
intended to be recently prepared .

22.  .Aluminium hydro-oxide mixture
 Kaolin mixture
 Sulphate mixture etc.

23. Inhalations are defined as drugs in
solution form which are admininstered in the
form of vapours through oral or nasal route ,
which reaches the respiratory tract .
 Uses :
 They mainly contain anti-septic &
decongestant drugs .

24.  A teaspoonful of the drug is dissolved in a pint
of boiling water & the rising vapours are
inhaled for 10 minutes . The temperature of
water is usually between 60-70 C .
 Uses :
 Inhalations are usually taken in :
 bronchial ashma
 bronchitis
 congested nose
 & some other respiratory disorders .

25.  This includes simple solutions or medicaments
, dissolved in alcohol or alcoholic preparations
& aquoeus dispersions containing light MgCO3
to absorb & diffuse the volatile ingredients .

26.  benzoin inhalation
 menthol inhalation
 eucalyptus inhalation
 epi=nephrine HCl inhalation
 isopropranolol HCl inhalation

27.  An intimate mixture of dry , finely divided
drug &/or chemical that may be intended for
internal(oral) or external(topical) use .
 Powdres are mixtures of drug prepared
in adry powder form .
 Historically , powdres represent one of
the oldest dosageform .
 Size :
 Size ranges from 0.1-1000um .

28.  .an accurate dose of medicament can be
prescribed .
 chemical & physical changes are less likely to
take place in powder form than in solution or
liquid dispersion .
 rapid dissolution of powder produces higher
blood levels in a shorter time .
 ease in administration .
 good stability .
 less chances of incompatibility .

29.  .bitter & nauseous drugs can't be delivered in
powder form .
 deliquescent & hygroscopic drugs can't be
dispensed in this way .
 manufacturing requires professional help .
 volatile drugs also can't be dispensed in
powder form .

30.  to get homogeneous mixtures
 to regulate uniform flow
 yo increase surface area

31.  preparations of powders include the following steps :
 Comminution :
 It is the breaking down of the drug into the fine powder form .
 It involves :
 attrition
 cutting
 rolling
 compaction
 Attrition :
 This is the process in which the drug is passed surfaces moving in
opposite direction the particles grind with the help of the roller .
 Cutting :
 In this process the drug material cut with a knife or any shape edge
instrument .
 Rolling :
 The drug material is passed between two rollers moving in
opposite directions e.g. Huff's compacters .

32.  Powders are classified into three groups :
 On the basis of :
 .Dosage form
 particle size
 Special treatment

33.  Simple powders ....... which contain only one
ingredient .
 Compound powders ........ which contain two or more
than two ingredients .
 b. Bulk powders :
 For internal use ........ e.g. analgesics , laxatives ,
antacids etc.
 For external use ........ Dusting powder : these are fine
powders used to dust the skin or mucosa where the
wound is present .
 It may be :
 medical dusting powder
 surgical dusting powder .

34.  These are sterile powders used for dusting a
certain area with the help of an applicator .
They may also have medicinal effects .
 Uses :
 These are used in certain eye cases .

35.  These are powdres which are made into
solution form before use .
 Uses :
 These are used in vaginal & eye washing

36.  These are dental cleansing powders , used for
dental hygiene .
 They contain Calcium Phosphate , CaCO3 &
HgCO3 .

37.  very coarse
 coarse
 moderately coarse
 fine
 very fine
 ultra fine

38.  They may be of two types :
 Oral powders :
 These are used when the patient
is unable to swallow other aral dosage forms
such as tablets & capsules , usually used in
geriatics & pedriatics .
 Parenteral powders :
 These are usde when the drug is
insoluble or unstable in injection vehicles .
Thus , it is stored in lypholized form .

39.  compound rhubarb oral powder
 compound NaCl & dextrose oral powders
 talc dusting powder etc.

40.  These are the small discs having some effect
upon the eye .
 A substances which causes dilation of the
pupil is called mydriatic & which causes
contraction of pupil is called myotic .

41.  The eye disc is picked up by means of a damp
camel hair brush & placed beneath the lower
eyelid .
 The eye disc dissolve in the tear secretion &
the medicament produces it .
 Eye dics are economical & ensure a defined
quantity of medicament being placed in the eye
.
 They have not come into extensive use .

42.  Glycerites may be defined as viscous solutions
or preparations containing the medicament &
which has glycerine greater than 50% by
weight .
 They may be used as such for medication or
amy be diluted to form an alcoholic or aqueous
dilution .

43.  They are generally used for anti-septic or anti-
inflammatory preparations .
 They are also known as Glycerins .
 Examples :
 phenol glycerin
 tannic acid glycerin etc.

44.  Throat paints are viscous praparations , which
are applied to the throat .
 Composition :
 They contain high contents of glycerine
due to which the preparations remain sticking
to the site of application & prolong the action af
the medicament

45.  They generally have a volatile solvent which
evaporates quickly to leave a dry film of the
medicament .
 Examples :
 compound iodine paint bpc etc.

46.  Elixirs are clear pleasantly flavoured ,
sweetened hydro-alcoholic liquid preparations
for oral administration .
 They contain alcohol inhigh concentration .
 The elixirs may be :
 a. medicated
 b. non-medicated

47.  The medicated elixirs usually contain very
potent drugs such as :
 anti-biotics
 anti-histamines
 sedatives

48.  chlorpheniramine elixir
(novahistine_antihistamine,decongestant)
 ephedrine elixir(Asmapan tab., Asthimo cap.)
 paracematol elixir (panadol)
 piperizine citrate elixir(piperazine citrate by
GSK)

49.  A draught is a liquid oral preparation taken as
a single dose .
 If several doses are prescribed , each dose is
dispensed in separate containers .
 Examples :
 male fern extract draught
 paraldehyde draught

50.  Granules are the solid dosage form of medicament
in which the powdered drug/drugs are mixed
with sweetening , flavouring & colouring agents .
 Composition :
 A suitable granulaing agent is added to moisten
the powder & mixed thoroughly .
 The wte mass is passed through a suitable sieve
&granules are dried at a temperature of 60C .
 They are supplied in glass containers & the patient
is asked to add sufficient freshly boiled & cooled
water to constitute a liquid preparation .

51.  S olutions are liquid preparations meant for
internal or externak use . They contain one or
more than one ingredients usually dissolved in
water .
 They may be sterile when intended for
parenteral administration or unsterilized when
intended for oral administration .
 Advantage :
 Drugs in solution form show better
pharmacological effects than in crude form .

52.  strong ammonium acetate solution
(sigma_Aldrich)
 aqueous iodine solution (Lugol’s
iodine_antiseptic, disinfectant)
 cetrimide solution (chlorhexidine by Shalaks
pharmaceuticals)

53.  Pessaries are the solid dosage form of
medicament for introduction into vagina .
 Bases used for manufacture :
 The bases used for the manufacture of
pessaries are such that at room temperature
they retain the original shape but when
inserted into the cavity , either melt or dissolve
in the cavity fluids to release the medicament .
 They may be prapared either by moulding or
by compression .

54.  lactic acid pessaries(labtop V (gingsburg drug
formulation) to restore neutral pH level in
vagina)
 nystatin pessaries .

55.  Tinctures are alcoholic liquid preparations
containing the active principles of vegatable
drugs .
 Preparation by maceration :
 They are usually prepared by maceration
or percolation or may be prepared by
dissolving the corresponding liquid extract or
chemical substances in alcohol or hydro-
alcoholic solvent .

56.  belladonna tincture
 aromatic cardamom tincture (Neurotone)
 nux vomica tincture etc.

57.  Syrups are sweet , viscous , concentrated
aqeous solutions of sucrise or other sugars in
water or any other suitable aqeous vehicle .
 Uses :
 1. They are used as seetening & flavouring
agents .
 2. They may also contain a suitable
medicament .

58.  lemon syrup
 raspberry syrup
 tou syrup (cough syrup)
 dolocol syrup(anti pyretic)
 novoplex syryp etc.(multi vitamin)

59.  Pastes are semi-solid preparations means for
external application on the skin .
 Uses :
 They provide a protective coating over the
areas to which they are applied .
 Examles :
 coal tar paste (canadin_for eczema & other skin
disorder)
 zinc paste (Dome_paste bandage)

60.  Collodions are the liquid preparation smeant for
extrenal application to skin .
 The vehicle used is volatile & evaporates on
application to skin , leaving a flexible , protective
film covering at the site of application . They are
applied with a brush or a rod .
 Composition :
 Flexible collodion contains pyroxillon , castor
oil & alcohol in solvent ether . Alcohol & solvent
ether are used as vehicle , pyroxillon as film
producing agent & castor oil gives flexibility .

61.  They are convenient applications for small cuts
& abrasions & are also used when a prolonged
contact between the skin & the medicament is
required .

62.  Drugs in classical dosage forms show better
pharmacological effects than in crude form .