1. Yield and storage
Yield:
•A 5-year-old tree may provide 35 kg fresh fruits.
Storage:
• Fruits are highly perishable.
•Fruits harvested at optimum maturity can be stored for a week
at 5`C and 85 % relative humidity.
Presented by
Panchaal Bhattacharjee
PhD. (Hort.) 1st sem.
Fruit Science
Department of Horticulture
2. Yield and storage
Yield:
•A 5-year-old tree may provide 35 kg fresh fruits.
Storage:
• Fruits are highly perishable.
•Fruits harvested at optimum maturity can be stored for a week
at 5`C and 85 % relative humidity.
Introduction
S. N: Prunus armeniaca
Sub-genus: Prunophora
Family : Rosaceae
Origin: North-Eastern China
Chr. No: 2n= 16
Also called as Armenian plum
Wild Apricot is known as
Zardalu or Chuli considered to be
imdegenious to in India.
Turkey is the largest producer of
Apricot.
3. Yield and storage
Yield:
•A 5-year-old tree may provide 35 kg fresh fruits.
Storage:
• Fruits are highly perishable.
•Fruits harvested at optimum maturity can be stored for a week
at 5`C and 85 % relative humidity.
Because of it’s popularity it appears in the
stamps of Armenia
4.
5. Yield and storage
Yield:
•A 5-year-old tree may provide 35 kg fresh fruits.
Storage:
• Fruits are highly perishable.
•Fruits harvested at optimum maturity can be stored for a week
at 5`C and 85 % relative humidity.
It is one of the most
important stone fruit .
It is very delicious,
attractive & nutritious fruit
Rich source of Vitamin A
It can be grown in areas
where other temperate fruits
are not grown because it is
drought tolerant, salt tolerant,
hardy and less susceptible to
pest and diseases
Highly perishable fruit.
6. Yield and storage
Yield:
•A 5-year-old tree may provide 35 kg fresh fruits.
Storage:
• Fruits are highly perishable.
•Fruits harvested at optimum maturity can be stored for a week
at 5`C and 85 % relative humidity.
COMPOSITION
Rich source of vit A, fat, fibre, ascorbic acid, Ca
Rich source of oil (40-45%)
Aroma of fruit is due to Benzaldehyde and Lindrol
Major acids present are Mallic acid and Citric acid
Contains higher amount of Carotenoids
Seeds contain high content of amygdalin (vitamin
B17) (>5.5g/100g amygdalin content makes the bitter
kernal poisonous for consumption)
7. Yield and storage
Yield:
•A 5-year-old tree may provide 35 kg fresh fruits.
Storage:
• Fruits are highly perishable.
•Fruits harvested at optimum maturity can be stored for a week
at 5`C and 85 % relative humidity.
USES
Mainly used as table fruit
As a canned and dried fruit
Used in preparation of Jam, Jelly, Leather and Nectars
Seed is about 15% of the fruit and contains kernel
which is about 34% of the seed
Sweet kernel tastes like Almond and hence used as a
substitute for Almond
Sweet kernel is used in confectionary industries
Bitter kernel is used in oil extraction and is used in
cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries
Used for treatment of tumor and ulcers
Seed is used as an alternative treatment for cancer.
8.
9.
10. Yield and storage
Yield:
•A 5-year-old tree may provide 35 kg fresh fruits.
Storage:
• Fruits are highly perishable.
•Fruits harvested at optimum maturity can be stored for a week
at 5`C and 85 % relative humidity.
Origin and distribution
•Origin: N-E China
•Major apricot producing countries: China, USSR, Turkey,
Italy, Spain, Greece, France and USA
•Commercial cultivation of apricot in India was started by
Europeans during 1870
•Presently in India it is grown commercially in hills of HP,
J & K, Uttarakhand
•Some drying type of apricots are grown in the dry
temperate regions of J & K, HP.
11. Yield and storage
Yield:
•A 5-year-old tree may provide 35 kg fresh fruits.
Storage:
• Fruits are highly perishable.
•Fruits harvested at optimum maturity can be stored for a week
at 5`C and 85 % relative humidity.
Other species
Prunus ansu: adopted to warm condition, sour in
taste,edible,free stone, root stock in Japan.
Prunus mume: called as Japanese Aprioct, used for
pickling, grown in warmer regions
Prunus sibirica: Siberian Apricot, cold hardy
Prunus dasycarpa: Purple/Black Aprioct (P.cerasifera x
P.armeniaca), cold and disease hardy
Prunus brigantica: Alpine Apricot; for oil extraction,3m
ht.
13. Yield and storage
Yield:
•A 5-year-old tree may provide 35 kg fresh fruits.
Storage:
• Fruits are highly perishable.
•Fruits harvested at optimum maturity can be stored for a week
at 5`C and 85 % relative humidity.
cultivars
Early Shipley - used for table and drying purpose,
bitter kernal
New Castle - used for table and drying purpose
Moorpark – best for outdoor cultivation in small
gardens, pubescent in outer layer.
Nugget – good quality, regular bearer, heavy yielder,
kernel is sweet, used for table purpose
Royal – large fruits, heat resistant, table variety
14. Yield and storage
Yield:
•A 5-year-old tree may provide 35 kg fresh fruits.
Storage:
• Fruits are highly perishable.
•Fruits harvested at optimum maturity can be stored for a week
at 5`C and 85 % relative humidity.
Royal
Nugget
15. Yield and storage
Yield:
•A 5-year-old tree may provide 35 kg fresh fruits.
Storage:
• Fruits are highly perishable.
•Fruits harvested at optimum maturity can be stored for a week
at 5`C and 85 % relative humidity.
Moorpark
New Castle
16. Yield and storage
Yield:
•A 5-year-old tree may provide 35 kg fresh fruits.
Storage:
• Fruits are highly perishable.
•Fruits harvested at optimum maturity can be stored for a week
at 5`C and 85 % relative humidity.
High Chilling Variety-
Shakarpara – very sweet and good aroma shy bearer,
Afghan introduction, requires high chilling
hours.(TSS-26%)
Charmagz – self incompatible variety, used for table
and drying purpose, shy bearer, requires high
chilling hours.
Kaisha – good quality, prolific bearer, kernel is
bitter.
Halman – grown in Ladhak region, used for table
and drying purpose(TSS-27-28%)
17. Yield and storage
Yield:
•A 5-year-old tree may provide 35 kg fresh fruits.
Storage:
• Fruits are highly perishable.
•Fruits harvested at optimum maturity can be stored for a week
at 5`C and 85 % relative humidity.
Recent introductions performing well in temperate India
Harcot
St. Ambriose
Turkey
Tilton(USA)
Wenatchee(CANADA)
Indegenous Variety of Ladakh- cv. Rakchey Karpo,
Tokpopa
Natural Mutant cv. Early Blenheim( S.I)
FRS Chaubattia,Ranikhet,UK has released 3 hybrids
1. Chaubattia Alankar: Kaisha × Charmagz
2. Chaubattia Madhu: Turkey × Charmagz
3. Chaubattia Keasari: St. Ambriose × Charmagz
18. Yield and storage
Yield:
•A 5-year-old tree may provide 35 kg fresh fruits.
Storage:
• Fruits are highly perishable.
•Fruits harvested at optimum maturity can be stored for a week
at 5`C and 85 % relative humidity.
Harcot
Shakarpara
Tilton
19. Yield and storage
Yield:
•A 5-year-old tree may provide 35 kg fresh fruits.
Storage:
• Fruits are highly perishable.
•Fruits harvested at optimum maturity can be stored for a week
at 5`C and 85 % relative humidity.
Soil And Climate
It is a hardy crop
pH: 6-6.8
Deep fertile, well drained loamy soils are readily suitable
for cultivation
Grown at an altitude of 900-2000m MSL
Chilling requirement 300-900hrs, below 7°C for
fruiting
Rain fall: 100cm, well distributed through out the year
Summer temperature: 16.6-32.2°C
For flowering temperature is 5-6°C
Long cool weather and frost free areas are the best
High humidity during summer increases the Brown Rot.
20. Yield and storage
Yield:
•A 5-year-old tree may provide 35 kg fresh fruits.
Storage:
• Fruits are highly perishable.
•Fruits harvested at optimum maturity can be stored for a week
at 5`C and 85 % relative humidity.
propagation
Commercially propagated by Grafting and Budding
Tongue grafting is practiced in February
T and chip budding is practiced in June-September
Raising of rootstocks:
Seeds of Apricot are the best
Wild apricot seeds are also used to raise rootstocks
Peach, Plum seeds are also used
The seeds are stratified for 45-50 days at 4°C
temperature to break dormancy.
The seeds can be stored for 5 years without losing
viability
Peach is good root stock for light and dry condition.
21. Yield and storage
Yield:
•A 5-year-old tree may provide 35 kg fresh fruits.
Storage:
• Fruits are highly perishable.
•Fruits harvested at optimum maturity can be stored for a week
at 5`C and 85 % relative humidity.
Planting: One-year-old healthy grafted plants should
be planted in the field in square system.
Season: during dormant season, Dec – March
Spacing: 6×6m
HDP is less adopted because of very less availability of
dwarfing root stocks.
Planting
22. Yield and storage
Yield:
•A 5-year-old tree may provide 35 kg fresh fruits.
Storage:
• Fruits are highly perishable.
•Fruits harvested at optimum maturity can be stored for a week
at 5`C and 85 % relative humidity.
Nutrient-
500:250:200 [N:P:K] (g/tree for 7 yr old bearing
tree)
Irrigation-
•Can be grown as a rain fed crop
•Irrigation is essential during initial years and during
critical stage-Pit hardening stage (April-June)
Nutrient management and
Irrigation
23. Yield and storage
Yield:
•A 5-year-old tree may provide 35 kg fresh fruits.
Storage:
• Fruits are highly perishable.
•Fruits harvested at optimum maturity can be stored for a week
at 5`C and 85 % relative humidity.
24. Yield and storage
Yield:
•A 5-year-old tree may provide 35 kg fresh fruits.
Storage:
• Fruits are highly perishable.
•Fruits harvested at optimum maturity can be stored for a week
at 5`C and 85 % relative humidity.
Training :
•Apricot trees are trained to
modified central leader system
•Open vas e and palmate types
are also followed where
mechanical harvesting is
done.
Training and pruning
25. Yield and storage
Yield:
•A 5-year-old tree may provide 35 kg fresh fruits.
Storage:
• Fruits are highly perishable.
•Fruits harvested at optimum maturity can be stored for a week
at 5`C and 85 % relative humidity.
pruning
•Apricot bears fruits on previous year’s growth and short
spurs.
•The spur bearing branches die after 3-4 years.
•Therefore pruning should be done aimed to induce new
growth on such braches and to provide fruiting spurs for
the subsequent years.
• It consists of heading back(1/3rd) and thinning
out(25%) 1year old wood and has balanced vegetative
growth.
•Pruning in January-end to second week of February to
encourage production of more fruiting spurs.
26. Yield and storage
Yield:
•A 5-year-old tree may provide 35 kg fresh fruits.
Storage:
• Fruits are highly perishable.
•Fruits harvested at optimum maturity can be stored for a week
at 5`C and 85 % relative humidity.
Vase shaped tree
Flowering season,
•mid hills - March
•higher hills - March and April.
27. Yield and storage
Yield:
•A 5-year-old tree may provide 35 kg fresh fruits.
Storage:
• Fruits are highly perishable.
•Fruits harvested at optimum maturity can be stored for a week
at 5`C and 85 % relative humidity.
Fruit: round, 3 cm across
Yellowish with red cheeks,
nearly glabrous
Stone: smooth with a
furrowed edge
Season: May-Aug
Fruit
28. Yield and storage
Yield:
•A 5-year-old tree may provide 35 kg fresh fruits.
Storage:
• Fruits are highly perishable.
•Fruits harvested at optimum maturity can be stored for a week
at 5`C and 85 % relative humidity.
Pests:
•Indian Gipsy moth
•Apricot Chalcid
•Peach stem borer
•Apricot aphid
• Red mite
•Leaf roller
•Apricot weevil
Pest and diseases
Diseases:
•Brown rot
•Bacterial canker and
gummosis
•Powdery mildew
•Wilt
•Apoplexy (premature
die back)
29. Yield and storage
Yield:
•A 5-year-old tree may provide 35 kg fresh fruits.
Storage:
• Fruits are highly perishable.
•Fruits harvested at optimum maturity can be stored for a week
at 5`C and 85 % relative humidity.
Harvesting and post harvest management
Maturity indices:
Fruit size
Color change from green to yellow
lose flesh firmness
high TSS (10°B)
The fruits become ready for picking from first week of May – June
Manual harvesting is more practiced
For distant markets, fruits should be hand picked individually at
semi-hard stage when they develop green to amber color.
Keep them in a cool place and pack in perforated CFB boxes of 1-4
kg capacity with straw cushion.
Care should be taken that the damaged fruits are not packed with
healthy ones.
30. Yield and storage
Yield:
•A 5-year-old tree may provide 35 kg fresh fruits.
Storage:
• Fruits are highly perishable.
•Fruits harvested at optimum maturity can be stored for a week
at 5`C and 85 % relative humidity.
31. Yield and storage
Yield:
•A 5-year-old tree may provide 35 kg fresh fruits.
Storage:
• Fruits are highly perishable.
•Fruits harvested at optimum maturity can be stored for a week
at 5`C and 85 % relative humidity.
32. Yield and storage
Yield:
•A 5-year-old tree may provide 35 kg fresh fruits.
Storage:
• Fruits are highly perishable.
•Fruits harvested at optimum maturity can be stored for a week
at 5`C and 85 % relative humidity.
Yield and storage
Yield:
•A 5-year-old tree may provide 35 kg fresh fruits.
•Economical life span: 30-40 years
Storage:
• Fruits are highly perishable.
•Fruits harvested at optimum maturity can be stored
for a week at 5°C and 85 % relative humidity.
33. Yield and storage
Yield:
•A 5-year-old tree may provide 35 kg fresh fruits.
Storage:
• Fruits are highly perishable.
•Fruits harvested at optimum maturity can be stored for a week
at 5`C and 85 % relative humidity.
Grades
Grade Fruit size
(mm)
No. Of
layers
No. Of
fruits/ layer
Box (inner)
size cm
Special 42 and
above
3 28 - 32 37 ×16.5 ×
16.5
Grade 1 36 – 42 4 38 – 43 37 ×16.5 ×
16.5
Grade 2 Below 36 4 50 - 56 37 ×16.5 ×
16.5
34. Yield and storage
Yield:
•A 5-year-old tree may provide 35 kg fresh fruits.
Storage:
• Fruits are highly perishable.
•Fruits harvested at optimum maturity can be stored for a week
at 5`C and 85 % relative humidity.
Physiological disorders
1. Pit burn:
Occurs when the apricots are exposed to temp
above 38°C before harvest
Under such condition the flesh tissue around the
stone softens and turns brown
This is due to heat injury and it increases with
higher temperatures and longer duration of exposure
to sun
Control:
avoiding the heat injury by providing some shade
to the fruits
35. Yield and storage
Yield:
•A 5-year-old tree may provide 35 kg fresh fruits.
Storage:
• Fruits are highly perishable.
•Fruits harvested at optimum maturity can be stored for a week
at 5`C and 85 % relative humidity.
2. Gel breakdown or chilling injury:
It is characterized by breakdown of tissues
It is sometimes accompanied by sponginess and gel
formation
In the initial stages there is occurrence of water
soaked areas that subsequently turn brown.
This occurs when the fruits are stored at low
temperature between 2.2-7.6°C
These have short market life and loose flavor.
36. Yield and storage
Yield:
•A 5-year-old tree may provide 35 kg fresh fruits.
Storage:
• Fruits are highly perishable.
•Fruits harvested at optimum maturity can be stored for a week
at 5`C and 85 % relative humidity.
Pit burn
Chilling injury
37. Yield and storage
Yield:
•A 5-year-old tree may provide 35 kg fresh fruits.
Storage:
• Fruits are highly perishable.
•Fruits harvested at optimum maturity can be stored for a week
at 5`C and 85 % relative humidity.