parameters to analyze water quality WATER ANALYSIS WATER QUALITY WATER ANALYSIS METHOD

1. Submitted by
P.K.Kr
M.Sc (environmental
science and
management)

2. WATER QUALITY TESTING?
• solvent of life
• Nearly all water in the world contains
contaminants
• The only way to ensure safety of your water
supply is to have a periodic laboratory water
analysis done

3. Determination of Water quality
Physical characteristics
Chemical characteristics
Biological characteristics

4. WATER TESTING PARAMETERS
ODOUR
• Most organic and some inorganic chemicals contribute
• odour Rotten egg, Musty, Chemical
• Unobjectionable odour
TEMPERATURE
• Thermometer
• 15⁰-25⁰C
pH
• natural water PH range of 4 to 9
• pH meter

5. WATER TESTING PARAMETERS
• Total Solids
• filtrable or non-filtrable residue remains
• TDS + TSS
TS
• Total dissolved solids
• TDS Meters
• Range 1-20,000mg/lTDS
• Total suspended solids
• Filtration assembly
• 1-10,000mg/l
TSS

6. WATER TESTING PARAMETERS
• Titratable bases carbonate, bicarbonate ,and hydroxide
• contributions from borates, phosphates, silicates, or other bases
• Titrimetric Method
• Range -2-4,000mg/l
Alkalinity
• Capacity of water to precipitate soap
• calcium and magnesium ions present
• Titrimetric Method .
• Range 2-2,000mg/l
Hardness

7. WATER TESTING PARAMETERS
• Calcium carbonate (calcite) and
calcium-magnesium carbonate
(dolomite).
• Titrimetric Method
• Range -1 to >500 mg/L
Calcium
• Titrimetric Method
• Range – 2 – 10000mg/lChloride

8. WATER TESTING PARAMETERS
(using Spectrophotometer )
Fluoride
• High concentration – dental fluorosis
• Less concentration - dental caries (> 0.8 mg/l )
• Range – 0.1 – 10mg/l
• Zirconium colorimetric Method
Phosphate
• promotes growth micro-organisms
• Stannous Chloride Method
• Range – 0.01 – 100mg/l

9. WATER TESTING PARAMETERS
(using Spectrophotometer )
• occur in natural waters
• Sulphates cause scaling, odour and corrosion due to H2S formation
• Spectrophotometric Method
• Range – 2 – 2000mg/l
Sulphate
• Growth stimulation of plants cause objectionable eutrophication
• Blue baby disease in infants
• Spectrophotometric method
• Range – 1 – 100mg/l
Nitrate Nitrogen (NO3
-)

10. WATER TESTING PARAMETERS
OIL & GREASE
-Cause 23-28 % of
(SSO)
- Insoluble in water
& Harm to aquatic
life
-Partition
Gravimetric Method
- Range – 1-25mg/l

11. DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO)
• Amount of oxygen dissolved in 1L of water at given
time and temperature
• Key test in water pollution
• Range
- fresh water 6-12mg/l
- river water 10-15 mg/l
- sea water(surface) 8- 12 mg/l
- sea water (bottom) ~0.5-6 mg/l

12. DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO)
• DO in Drinking water
- Desirable limit 15 mg/l
- Permissible limit >6 mg/l
• Winkler Method
• Calculation –
DO mg/l = 4*X
X = Volume of ThioSulphate Solution used
for titration

13. BOD
• BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD) :
determine the relative oxygen requirements
• Aerobic oxidation of decomposable organic
matter
• Controlled conditions of temperature and
incubation period
• Finding out the level of pollution

14. BOD
• Titrimetric method
• Instrument - BOD Incubator
• Calculation –
BOD(mg/l) = D1-D5
D1 = DO of diluted sample immediately after preparation, mg/L,
D5 = DO of diluted sample after 5 d incubation at 20°C, mg/L

15. BOD
Quality class Designated best use BOD value
A Drinking water
source without
conventional
treatment but with
chlorination
2 or less
B Drinking water
source with
conventional
treatment
3 or less
Table : Guideline BOD values for classification of raw untreated water
(Source : CPCB, July 2001)

16. Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD)
• Definition ......
• Important for measuring organic strength
• Amount of a specified oxidant that reacts with
the sample under controlled conditions

17. Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD)
• Digestion/Titrimetric method
• Instrument – COD Digester
• Range – 0 -200mg/l
• Calculation –
COD mg/l = (A-B)N x 8000/V
A = Volume in ml of FAS Solution used in the titration in the blank
B = Volume in ml of FAS Solution used in the titration with the sample
N = Normality of standard FAS Solution
V = Volume in ml of the sample taken for the test
(FAS - ferrous ammonium sulphate)

18. Indian Standards For Drinking Water
S.No Parameters Desirable limit Permissible limit
1 Odour Unobjectionable Unobjectionable
2
PH 6.5 – 8.5 No relaxation
3 Temperature[23.1] 15⁰C 23⁰C
4 TDS (mg/l) 500 2000
5 Alkalinity (mg/l) 200 600
6 Hardness ( mg/l) 200 600
7 Calcium (mg/l) 75 200
8 Chloride ( mg/l) 250 1 000
9 Fluoride (mg/l) 1.0 1.5
10 Phosphate - -
11 Sulphate (mg/l) 200 400
12 Nitrate Nitrogen 45 No relaxation
13 Nitrite Nitrogen - -
14 Aluminum 0.03 mg/l 0.2 mg/l
15 Oil & Grease - -
16 Dissolved Oxygen(DO) (mg/l) 15 >6

19. Equipments Used Water Analysis
SPECTROPHOTOMETER PH /TDS METER

20. Equipments Used Water Analysis
COD DIGESTER UNIT TSS FILTER ASSEMBLY

22. SUBMIT TED TO
AMITY SCHOOL OF EARTH AND
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
(ASEES)
AUH