Parasitology (nematodes and protozoa malaria)
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This document provides information on identifying different parasites through microscopy. It describes the key identifying features of eggs from Ascaris lumbricoides, which are oval shaped with thick irregular walls and golden brown coloring. It also outlines the mechanisms of immunochromatographic rapid tests used to diagnose malaria by mixing blood with a lysing agent on a test strip to detect antigens. Finally, it lists important morphological characteristics for identifying parasites like Ancylostoma duodenale, Trichuris trichiura, Entrobius vermicularis, and Plasmodium falciparum under the microscope.
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A 35-year-old patient came to the emergency room with burns on his chest. His weight is 72 kg and the burned surface area is 18% of his total body surface area. Using the formula for calculating IV fluid replacement in burned patients, which is body weight x burned surface area / 2 x 4, the amount of fluid resuscitation needed for this patient is 2.5 liters.
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The document summarizes several laboratory tests and procedures used in hematology, physiology, microbiology, and biochemistry. It describes bleeding time and coagulation time tests to assess platelet function. It also outlines the hematocrit test procedure to measure red blood cell volume percentage, and the blood grouping test to determine blood type based on antigen-antibody reactions. Procedures for blood culture collection and centrifugation to separate blood components are provided. Finally, it explains hemoglobin electrophoresis to measure different hemoglobin molecules and identify potential abnormalities.
Skill lab (basic examination)
The document outlines the 4 main techniques of physical examination: inspection which is examining the patient's body visually, palpation which involves touching inflamed areas of the body, percussion which is tapping parts of the body to compare sounds, and auscultation which uses a stethoscope to listen to body sounds. These techniques - inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation - form the basic physical examination.
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This document provides information on various endocrine-related topics including glucose tolerance testing, thyroid function testing, clinical examination of thyroid swellings, radiology of the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands, and anti-thyroid drugs. It includes definitions, test types, results and interpretations, descriptions of clinical findings, imaging views and structures seen, and indications and side effects of drugs. The document aims to educate on evaluating and managing endocrine-related conditions through laboratory and imaging tests and pharmacological treatment.
Skill lab emergency (first aid and iv injection)
Triage is the process of prioritizing patients' treatment based on the severity of their condition. There are four categories ranging from red/immediate for life-threatening conditions to black/expectant for those who are dead. The ABCDE method is used to assess airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure during triage. Intravenous cannulation involves inserting a tube into a patient's vein for infusions. The procedure has 15 steps including preparing equipment, identifying a vein, inserting the cannula, securing it, and checking for proper placement.
Skill lab physiology (motor examination tests)
This document outlines the components and process of performing a motor examination. It describes examining muscle mass, tone, power, coordination, gait, and reflexes. Deep tendon reflexes are tested using a reflex hammer at sites including the biceps, triceps, patella, and Achilles tendons. Abnormal reflex responses include spasticity, rigidity, and hypotonia. Motor strength is graded on a scale from 0 to 5. The plantar reflex test assesses upper motor neuron function.
Physiology (sensory examination tests)
1. The document outlines various tests used in sensory examination including tests for touch, pain, temperature, vibration, hearing, vision, and cortical sensations.
2. It describes the instruments used and procedures for tests like the two point discrimination test, Rinne's test, and Weber's test.
3. The tests assess primary sensations, cortical sensations, hearing, vision, and help identify lesions in the sensory cortex.
Physiology (measurement of arterial blood pressure)
This document summarizes the measurement of arterial blood pressure. It defines systolic and diastolic blood pressure as the force exerted on blood vessel walls during contraction and relaxation. It explains that blood pressure is typically measured in the brachial artery using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope, by listening for sounds during inflation and deflation to determine the systolic and diastolic readings in mmHg. Finally, it outlines two methods for measuring blood pressure - palpation of the radial pulse to find systolic pressure only, or auscultation of the brachial pulse over the brachial artery to determine both systolic and diastolic pressure.
Physiology (heart sounds)
This document describes the four main heart sounds and how to auscultate them using a stethoscope. It explains that the first heart sound corresponds to closure of the atrioventricular valves and the R wave of an ECG. The second heart sound corresponds to closure of the semilunar valves and the T wave of an ECG. The third heart sound occurs during rapid ventricular filling between the T and P waves. The fourth heart sound corresponds to atrial contraction between the P and Q waves. It identifies the best areas over the heart to auscultate each sound using a stethoscope.
Physiology (electrocardiography ecg)
An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the electrical activity of the heart over time using electrodes placed on the skin. An ECG is used to detect abnormalities in heart rhythm and function by measuring the heart's electrical signals through 12 leads that include 6 chest leads and 6 limb leads. The heart rate can be calculated from an ECG by counting the number of big squares between two R waves in a cycle and dividing 300 by that number.
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- 3. Name : Ascaris lumbricoides Eggs. Most important feature : - Oval shape. - Thick mamillated irregular wall (albuminoid coat). - Golden brown by (bile stained). - One cell stage embryo. - Measure 45-75×35-50μm. Thick mamillated irregular wall Colour : Golden brown (bile stained) Oval shape
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- 5. Name : Trichuris trichiura. Most important feature : - Whiplike. - Thin anterior. - Thick posterior. Thick posterior Thin anterior
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