The document summarizes a pre-data seminar on the biochemical investigation of cough syrup overdose in rats. The study aims to evaluate the biochemical effects of cough syrup abuse and increase awareness of its impacts. Rats will be divided into groups receiving normal and increased doses of active ingredients in cough syrup, including codeine and dextromethorphan. Blood, liver, kidney, and brain samples will undergo toxicity testing to analyze changes. The results could provide scientific insight into the biochemical implications of cough syrup misuse.

1. PRE-DATA SEMINAR
BIOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE
OVERDOSE OF COUGH SYRUP IN WISTAR
RATS.
1
BY
ORIDOTA OPEMIPO
MATRIC NO_: 2012/2488

2. OUTLINE
• INTRODUCTION
• JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY
• AIM
• SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
• MATERIALS AND METHODS
• REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION
• Cough syrup is used
for its antitussive and
expectorant properties.
•They are sold as OTC
drugs.
•These drugs contain
some active
ingredients.
Fig1: Image of cough syrup

4. •From a blind survey carried out within the
University environments, the following were
deducted :
Misuse of cough syrup is due to some its
active ingredients
The active ingredients were :
Codeine
Dextromethorphan
ACTIVE INGREDIENTS

5. CODEINE
•Belongs to the Opium
family.
•Codeine is the
monomethylether of
morphine.
•It has good antitussive and
limited analgesic properties.
•High sedative and addictive
capabilities. Fig2: Codeine.

6. DEXTROMETHORPHAN
• It is a synthetic
substance.
• It is used for its
antitussive and
expectorant
properties.
• Dissociative
hallucinogen.
Fig3: Dextromethorphan

7. JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY
• The spread and increase in the abuse of cough
syrup in Nigeria is becoming alarming and there is
little or no documented report on the likely side
effects of the misuse of cough syrup and as such
there is no scientific knowledge on it’s biochemical
implications.

8. AIMS.
• To evaluate the biochemical effects of the abuse of cough syrup.
• To bring to the public’s knowledge, especially the university
community the impact of the overdose of cough syrup.

9. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
• To administer, orally different doses of the cough
syrup to rats within a specified period.
• To view and observe changes in behavioural
patterns of the rats.
• To carry out toxicity test in the blood, liver, kidney
and brain

10. MATERIALS
• Study location: The location of our study would be at
Bells University of technology.
• Source of Material: The material under study is to be
obtained from a local pharmacy after extensive evaluation
of information provided by respondents from our survey.

11. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
• Acclimatisation of rats.
• Groupings of rats
• Administration of cough syrup.
• Toxicity tests.

12. Table1: Animal treatment.
GROUPS TREATMENTS
GROUP 1 Control
GROUP 2 Normal dosage of {DXM}
GROUP 3 {DXM} X2
GROUP 4 {DXM} X4
GROUP 5 Normal dose of {codeine}
GROUP 6 {codeine} X2
GROUP 7 {codeine} X4

13. BLOOD
Haematological
parameters:
• White blood cells
count
• Packed cell
volume (PCV)
• Neutrophils
• Blood platelet
• Red blood cells
count
• Eosinophils
DACIE&LEWS
(1975)
Table 2: Blood analysis and methods.
METHO
D

14. TOXICITY TESTS
ANALYSIS TO BE CARRIED OUT METHODS TO BE USED
• AST(Aspartate transaminase) Reitman&Frankel (1957)
• ALT(Alanine transaminase) Reitman&Frankel (1957)
• ALP(Alkaline phosphatase) Wright et al. (1972)
• Total Bilirubin Jendrassik (1938)
• Urea Scott&Fawcett (1960)
• Albumin Doumas&Watson
• Glucose Grant (1987)
• Creatine Bartels&Bohmer(1972)
Table 3: Table indicating analysis and methods of liver and kidney.
• Histopathology Krause (2001)

15. REFERENCES
• Van Hout, MC. Bergin, M. Foley, M. Rich, E. Rapca, AI. Harris, R. Norman I. (2014):
A Scoping Review of Codeine Use, Misuse and Dependence, final report.
CODEMISUSED Project European Commission 7th Framework Programme, EU.
Brussels.
• Robinson, G.H., Robinson S., McCarthy P., Cameron, C., (2010): Misuse of over-
the-counter codeine-containing analgesics: dependence and other adverse effects.
New Zealand medical Journal. Volume 123, Number 1317.
• Dyer BT, Martin JL, Mitchell JL. Hypokalaemia in ibuprofen and codeine phosphate
abuse. Int J Clin Pract. 2004;58:1061-62.