Sampling Design

Sampling Design
SAMPLE DESIGN The way of selecting a sample from a population is known as sample design. It describes various sampling techniques and
sample size. It refers to the technique or procedure the researcher would adopt in selecting items for the sample. STEPS IN SAMPLE DESIGN
В•Type of universe В•Sampling unit В•Source List В•Size of Sample В•Parameters of Interest В•Budgetary Constraint В•Sampling Procedure
CRITERIA OF SELECTING A SAMPLING PROCEDURE В•Inappropriate sampling frame В•Defective measuring device В•Non–Respondents
В•Indeterminancy principle В•Natural bias in the reporting of data CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD SAMPLE DESIGN В•Sample design must
result in a truly representative sample. В•Sample design must be such...show more content...
There are many reasons why one would choose a different type of probability sample in practice. Example 1 Let's suppose your sampling frame is
a large city's telephone book that has 2,000,000 entries. To take a SRS, you need to associate each entry with a number and choose n= 200
numbers from N= 2,000,000. This could be quite an ordeal. Instead, you decide to take a random start between 1 and N/n= 20,000 and then take
every 20,000th name, etc. This is an example of systematic sampling, a technique discussed more fully below. Example 2 Suppose you wanted to
study dance club and bar employees in MUMBAI with a sample of n = 600. Yet there is no list of these employees from which to draw a simple
random sample. Suppose you obtained a list of all bars/clubs in MUMBAI. One way to get this would be to randomly sample 300 bars and then
randomly sample 2 employees within each bars/club. This is an example of cluster sampling. Here the unit of analysis (employee) is different from
the primary sampling unit (the bar/ club). In each of these two examples, a probability sample is drawn, yet none is an example of simple random
sampling. Each of these methods is described in greater detail below. Although simple random sampling is the ideal for social science and most of the
statistics used are based on assumptions of SRS, in practice, SRS are rarely seen. It can be terribly inefficient, and particularly difficult when large
samples are needed. Other probability methods
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Sampling Vs. Stratified Random Sampling
Simple Random Sampling vs. Stratified Random Sampling Sampling involves selecting a subset of elements from the population. In this case,
Stratified Random Sampling, and Simple Random Sampling plans are compared as data collection methods for a sample that a researcher would
consider using for a business survey for a marketing/advertising campaign. Simple Random Sampling is a sampling procedure whereby the researcher
defines the target population and then selects a sampling frame from the population. He then selects individual elements within the sampling frame
with each element having an equal probability of being chosen. Stratified Random Sampling is similar to Simple Random Sampling in that it is also a
probability sampling technique. However, there exists a major difference in that, with Stratified random sampling, the researcher divides the population
into different groups called strata. He then selects individual elements from each stratum at random. The same probability of being selected applies for
each of the elements in the population. As such, stratified sampling requires that the strata should not overlap in order to avoid some elements in the
population having a higher chance of being selected than others. The most common used strata include; age, socioeconomic status, religion and
nationality. Strengths and weaknesses The main strength of Simple Random Sampling that it is most likely to produce representative samples and
permits the use of inferential

How Random Are Random Events
Just how random are random events? I was in the third grade when I watched my grandma place diyas, small cup–shaped oil lamps, around the house
on Diwali, the Hindu festival of lights. Because I was too young to light the matches myself, I would watch my grandma ignite the fire on the
matches to light the candles. As an eight year old fascinated with the idea of pretty lights, I would watch as the flames danced in random directions,
intrigued by the flickering images they were capable of producing. Surely, I thought, there must be some way to predict their motion? This curiosity
only gained momentum as I grew older. I would turn on the sink tap and observe the flow of water. I would observe that not only did the shape of the
water continually change with varying streaks and peaks in the outflow, but there would be subtle changes in the sound that would take place without
intervention. It was amusing and interesting. During summer vacation, while playing soccer in the garage, I would see rays of light shyly sneaking in
through the cracks of the garage door. These rays would reveal a host of dust particles randomly racing to reach their destinations. What is the force
behind all of this randomness? In science class, I get the...show more content...
I have played thousands of games of chess and yet, I am unable to predict the outcome at the beginning of any human–played game. Although there may
be a strong correlation, I have learned that past performance does not always guarantee future results. In addition, I have learned the importance of
every piece in the game, not to take pieces for granted, and never to be too comfortable. By playing numerous chess games, I have contemplated that
my outlook on chess games is a metaphor for my life where I value all people and I am constantly looking for ways to improve processes and mitigate
the

Population is all college students.Order all students alphabetically and assign a number from top to bottom. Use a Random number generator to select
20 numbers, which will then represent your random sample. random sample: a sample in which each person in the population has an equal chance of
being chosen. random assignment is listing all participants alphabetically and assigning every other participant in the experimental group; random
assignment means that you randomly assign those participants to either control or experimental groups Part C Students will recall these kinds of
memories because they were semantically encoded, and semantic encoding increases the likelihood of retrieving memories. participants recall these
memories without

The Change Of English Language
Language is not consistent, it is changing by its nature, either because of innovation, technology, war or someone's mistakes. English has developed
over more than 1500 years since Anglo–Saxon invasion in AD 450 as they brought a set of Anglo–Frisian (Anglo–German) dialect, which became
known as Old English. This time was the beginning of the development of English language.
The change of English language is divided into four phases: Old English, Middle English, Early Modern English and Late Modern English. The
period of Old English was roughly between 400 and 1100. It was the time when English developed from Latin as it borrowed many words via church.
At that time the language was also largely affected by Scandinavians after invasion and...show more content...
Sometimes, some words fall out of usage and replaced by other for example 'vinyl ' is replaced by M.P.3. All of this is explained by the functional
theory, which suggests language always changes and adapts to the needs of its users. So, people create new words when they need them.
On another hand, words can be created by accident. In 1958, Charles Hockett came up with theory that shows that random errors and event have an
influence on language change. For example, predictive text messaging is the one example of random fluctuation. Again the language is affected by
technology change and development, today 's phones will estimate what word one is writing and finish it or it can correct any spelling mistakes one
have made. Modern phones would automatically add an apostrophe in 'its ' no matter whether it is an adjective or short form for 'it is ' or 'it has '.
Thus the theory shows that society 's mistakes could also influence the language change.
Another theory that describes how and why new word enter English language is S – Curve Model, which is base on the idea that language change can
occur at slower pace then it increases speed as it becomes wore accepted, therefore creating curve resembling letter 'S '. The model is based on Chen 's
idea. For example slang tends to spread in particular way, first when the new slang term appears it will be used by the smallest group of people and
then it might be picked up by

Security Passwords Essay
Security, passwords and whatnot
I've been slightly concerned about my rather lax security habits for a year or so. My state escalated from 'slightly concerned' to 'mildly freaked out'
after the reading about the recent LinkedIn and Last.fm breaches. Now is a good time to sort this.
My worst security habit is the common one of using the same password for multiple services (and generally pretty simple passwords at that). This is,
of course, a terrible idea.
I realised I should make some changes to avoid sleepless nights and am putting my notes here in case they're of use to anyone else (although please
remember that I'm about as far from being a security expert as it's possible to be).
If you spot any glaring (or, indeed, subtle) holes...show more content...
I'll enable authentication on any other services that start supporting it.
Passwords
There are plenty of options for password management, including 1Password, KeePass and LastPass. I went with LastPass because it has handy iOS
apps, supports two–factor authentication and has a nice in–browser workflow. The Pro version is $12 a year and is required to use the mobile apps.
I'm using a two–pronged strategy for passwords:
randomly–generated, 20 character passwords created with LastPass for anything I don't need to remember (most websites, apps etc).
correcthorsebatterystaple–style passwords for anything where a password manager doesn't really work i.e. I need to be typing it in. This includes my
main machine login, Apple ID (irritating iOS App updates) and my LastPass master password itself.
I created a free account with LastPass a few months ago, installed the browser extension in Chrome and Firefox and have used it to record passwords
I actually own and use and create passwords for any new accounts. I hadn't bothered changing any old passwords until now.

I then took the following steps:
Configured LastPass' random password generator to use 20 characters and a mix of uppercase, lowercase and numbers. I left out special characters,
though: too many sites choke on them or accept

Personal Narrative-Random Ted Talks
Prior to this course I never watched a ted talk. I did not know what topic to search for, so I was watching random ted talks such as inspirational,
technology, religious, etc. Some of them were very interested, but were topics that most of people know, which it actually did not surprise me, for
that reason I decided to search for a topic of my area of interest "math". Well, I watched few ted talks about mathematics, but there was a particular one,
"The Magic of Fibonacci Numbers" by Arthur Benjamin, which got my attention because it reminds me how I felt about mathematics when I was in
elementary school. I stated liking math because I found that it was fun, challenge and as the same time easy for me to understand. In other words, for
me math

Automatic Sentence Generator
AUTOMATIC SENTENCE GENERATOR SYSTEM FOR SPEECH RECOGNITION APPLICATIONS. JosГ© Luciano Maldonado. Universidad de
Los Andes, FACES, NГєcleo La Liria, edificio G, piso 1, Instituto de EstadГstica Aplicada y ComputaciГіn, IEAC, MГ©rida, Venezuela.
luzmalvy@telcel.net.ve maldonaj@faces.ula.ve Abstract. We describe an experimental computer program which can generate sentences automatically.
To do so, models are first created based on contexts of interest. These models incorporate word histories that are detected in a context dependent
training set of sentences. Not only will we be able to automatically generate sentences associated with the theme being modeled, but we will also be
able to help recognize phrases and sentences. In other words, this...show more content...
The training or modeling of the context consists basically of the search, coding and saving of the occurrence of contiguous word histories
corresponding to the sentences and paragraphs of the training corpus. We create coded blocks of word histories. The words in the histories are coded
by way of whole numbers. In figure 2, we give an idea of how we code the histories in the training corpus. The first word that appears in the first training
corpus (recall that we can work incrementally with various corpus) is assigned the number 1, then, the next different word is assigned the number 2,
and so on. The nth different word is assigned the number n. text to whole numbers histories of two words the origin ...................... ......................
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... the origin of ...................... ...................... ......................
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... 9 10 ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... 9 10 11
.............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. text to whole numbers histories

My Thesis Statement
My strongest point in my essay was my thesis statement. The thesis statement was short but very guiding. It guided the reader into the keys points of
my essay. 29 I've really struggled with writing thesis statements, so what I decided to do was give myself random essays with a topic and write thesis
statements on them. I would figure out what the main points would be in my essay and put those topics into my thesis statement. It really made my
thesis statements stronger in my writing.
When reading my outline of corrections, I realized a lot of minor imperfections. When writing my essay, I just assumed I was writing everything
correctly. I made tons of minor grammar mistakes, that could have been avoided by proof reading. My major mistakes came from comma placement.
When trying to find ways to improve the placement of my commas, I came across this website https://owl.english.purdue.edu/exercises/3/5/15/answer.
It's a site that helps you to improve your punctuation placement. It gives you sentences and ask you how many commas does this sentences need, or is
it correct? I went through this 7 times till I got them all correct. I still have work I need to do,...show more content...
I've never been a great writer and have always had issues transitioning from paragraph to paragraph. When writing the last sentence at the end of a
paragraph, I find myself leaving the paragraph unfinished and not being able to end my point clearly to my audience. Its extremely important to
transition, so that your essay will sounds more professional. To improve my writing, I've decided to go online to look for help on finding great
transitioning words. I came across this website http://www.writing.ucsb.edu/faculty/donelan/para.html which gives examples of transitioning words
and how it looks applying them to a sentence. I will continue to visit this site and many more for guidance, until I've found myself to be excellent at

Inattentional Blindness Essay
The reason that most people do not realize that their driving is impaired when using cell phones is due the illusion of attention, in which people think
that they pay more attention to their surroundings than they really do. When this error of perception occurs, also known as inattentional blindness,
people fail to notice unexpected events even when they are in plain sight (Invisible Gorilla, Chapter 1). Although the visual and motor skills of
experienced drivers are not impaired while talking on the phone, there is a greater risk of change blindness, such as not noticing a car suddenly
breaking in front of them or a bicyclist crossing the street. In addition, people do not realize their driving is impaired due to over confidence in their
multitasking ability and because it is rare they experience evidence to the contrary (Dalton Lecture: Sept. 28). To study this issue, I would conduct an
experiment with a random sample of students from a university. The students would be randomly assigned into one of two comparison groups: the
control group or the experimental group (Pg. 116–117). The students in the experimental group would be asked to perform a number of cellphone
related tasks while in a simulated driving video game that involved unexpected driving occurrences and hazards. Those in the control group would be
given no other task than driving through the same simulated track. The results from each group would be analyzed and compared to see if the
experimental group made

Random Variation Paper
Think of something that you might want to measure that is affected by random variation. Identify what you want to measure, then describe its
(approximate) sample space. Give a rough description of the probabilities associated with those values(you can simply specify if they are all the
same probability or if values in one range will be more likely than values in another range). The best example of this is something such as a bowl of
gumballs Image courtesy of:(Edwards, 2014) Lets say I have a bowl that contains 4 gumballs: I only like the blue gumballs and I want to obtain a
blue gumball, the catch is I have to reach in blindfolded to make my choice. I cannot see which color I am choosing and they are all the same size no
way to differentiate...show more content...
They are just guessing if it is a random event, many people have a gut feeling, but unless you are using probabilities based on something such as
math or data then it is just a guess. However, you can calculate the chances of an events happening by multiplying the chances when you are
observing probabilities. For example: When you flip a coin you always have the same 50% chance of a head or a tails, but when you multiple the
chances your odds change look at graphics that explains this phenomenon. Image courtesy of: (Math is Fun, n.d.) So if they observing some events
they could through math make a more educated predication based on previous outcomes. This would be an observed probability. Now in the same
vein, let's say I want a pink gumball, if I use the exact same bowl, I have a 0 percent chance of that happening, because there are no pink gumballs. If
there is no chance of the event taking place that is when you have a 0 percent chance of it

7 BEST RANDOM NAME GENERATOR TOOLS: "A rose by any other name would smell as sweet" is a popular reference to William
Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet, often used to imply that the names of things do not affect what they really are. Well, this might have been a
correct reference in olden times. But, we live in the 21st century, and choosing the perfect names, be it for our business or for our children, is of
utmost priority. What's in a name? A name is something you turn to when you hear it being called from a friend down the hall. A name is one of the
first things you receive when you enter the world. Names mean so many different things and come from so many different places. Well, choosing a
name isn't easy. So, here we aid you with the...show more content...
Girls' names, boys' names, pet names, baby names, you can find all over here! The tool also highlights the most popular names based on the likes
count of users choosing a name. One unique feature this tool provides is the Advanced Baby Name Generator, which allows you to select the name
length, from between 2 letters to 13 letters and the initial letter of the name. The added charts feature categorizes the most popular names month wise
in an orderly fashion, based on voting

Stratified Random Survey
Our research question is "Does having a significant other effect how many hours University of North Georgia–Dahlonega students study during the
week?" We hypothesized that having a significant other would negatively affect students' study time as they would devote more time to their personal
romantic lives and less to their academic careers. To test this hypothesis, our group conducted a Stratified Random Survey of UNG–Dahlonega students.
By surveying students at different randomly selected buildings at various times of the day, we collected a diverse sampling of the UNG–Dahlonega
student population. To avoid bias as much as possible the buildings and who surveyed at them were all chosen via random number generator, . Each
building on the Dahlonega campus, represented by the campus map available on the UNG...show more content...
The statistics indicate virtually no difference in hours studied between the two categories surveyed. However, despite nearly even averages, the
medians have the potential to provide contrary insight. With almost identical means, the students who claimed to not be in a romantic relationship had
a median response of 8 hours studied per week, 1.5 hours more than the median hours studied for those romantically involved.
Figure 5: Before finalizing these results, however, we investigated the possibility of heavily influential outliers. Calculating the Interquartile Ranges of
both samples and removing all hours/week results outside the range, a new set of data provided an interesting variance. The P–value shown in Figure 6
is significantly lower than shown in Figure 4 where outliers were included. The mean of Variable 2 is now greater than that of Variable 1. Figure 7
also shows that the difference between medians has increased by 0.5.
Figure

Essay on Simple Random Sampling
Introduction: A fixed coordinate system is a system in which the points are represented using a set of co–ordinates or numbers. The order of the
coordinates is knIntroduction: The probability is one of the sampling techniques of choosing the equivalent elements. These are specified as random
sampling. The sampling is helped to develop the sampling frame; it selects the elements as randomly. The sampling can be done through the
replacement. The random sampling assumption can be accomplished by the Middle Limit Theory.
Definition:
The group of independent of options is known as random sampling. The random sampling has analogous independent chances. The...show more
content...
The choosing elements are depends on the random basis and choosing extra elements are evenly spaced intervals until the expected units are obtained.
The sampling elements are choosing by the systematic or randomly.
Type 3: Stratified random sampling: The stratified random sampling is one of the types of the sampling. In this method, based on their characteristic or
variable the population can be divided into various types. The word stratum is formed by the stratified word. This sample can be selecting from the
population stratum.
Type 4: Cluster random sampling: The cluster sampling is one of the types of sampling. This is foundation of straightforward random sampling to
choosing the clusters from the population. The groups are identified within the sample groups. Cluster sampling is very essential in this economical
environment.
Type 5: Multistage random sampling: The multi stage random sampling is one of the type s of sampling. The amalgamation of cluster sampling next to
among simple random sampling is known as multistage random sampling.
own by its position of occurrence. Generally the coordinates are real numbers, but in advanced applications coordinates are complex numbers. The fixed
coordinate system allows translation of problems in geometry into numbers.
Explanation:
Polar Coordinate System: Polar

Random Sampling : Sampling And Sampling
Random Sampling Types
The probability is one of the sampling techniques of choosing the equivalent elements. These are specified as random sampling. The sampling is helped
to develop the sampling frame; it selects the elements as randomly.
The sampling can be done through the replacement. The random sampling assumption can be accomplished by the Middle Limit Theory.
Random Sampling:definition:
The group of independent of options is known as random sampling. The random sampling has analogous independent chances. The random sampling is
used to achieve the unbiased sample. The sample of n elements may be selected through the N elements of population. It involves the unpredictable
components.
The random is capable to have the number of types. The random sampling is one of the searching the small representative part from the group of
elements. The random sampling capable of choosing the elements from the inhabitants through identical odds.
Types of Random Sampling:
There are five types of random sampling.
Type 1: Simple random sampling.
Type 2: Systematic random sampling.
Type 3: Stratified random sampling.

Type 4: Cluster random sampling.
Type 5: Multistage random sampling.
Explanation:
Type 1: Simple random sampling:
The simple random sampling is one of the types of sampling. The choosing element units are depends on the population with the identical chances
being selected. The simple random are preferred from the size of N element population. The choosing

Minecraft Essay
Minecraft is a game where the player uses their imagination to shape the world around them using the resources they find. In the world everything is
shaped like a block or a cube, this includes the trees, the dirt, the water, the clouds, even the sun, everything. This simple game hasn't even been
released yet but has already sold over one million copies. Minecraft was created by one man, Markus "Notch" Persson, and this is his story. What
makes the story of Minecraft so unique is that it was created by Notch and only Notch. Notch had a job before Minecraft, working on games for a
company. He started to work on Minecraft in his free time but after a giant popularity spike he realized that it could be a hit, so he quit his job and began
...show more content...
The game sells around 10,000 copies per day. It has become a cultural phenomenon and on January 12, 2011 sales passed the one million mark, but
they continued to rise. With popularity increasing, big name comics like "Penny Arcade" and "Hejibits" discovered the game too and published
comic strips about minecraft, leading to even further sales. Minecraft makes $250,000 a day and continues to do so. On June 13, 2011, Minecraft
passed 2.5 million sales. Today Mojang has 10 employees. Markus Persson, Jens Bergensten, Daniel Kaplan, Junkboy, Jakob Porser, Carl Manneh,
Tobias Mollstam, Aron Neiminen, Daniel Frisk, and Daniel Rosenfeld. These few people make up the team that continues to work towards
Minecraft's future. But with so few employees things take time. Even though the game has not been officially released, people who buy the game
get a copy of what it is right now as the updates are being pushed out. With such success Mojang is the target of some heavy criticism from blogs,
critics, and even their own fans. One speculation from fans is that Minecraft will be the company's 1 hit wonder. What happens if it truly is a one hit
wonder? Will the company go down under? Will it be the end of Mojang? Will they join a publisher in order to stay afloat and lose their title of
"indie?" Another speculation concerns Mojang's next game that has absolutely nothing to do with Minecraft, not even in the same genre. What if
nobody likes the game? What

part uses random sequences generated from chaos system with the help of an encryption key. This key is then used to encrypt media contents with a
neural network structure. However, the apparent disadvantage in this scheme is that more sub–keys need to be transmitted to the receiver. In another
research [45], the authors propose an image encryption/decryption algorithm based on chaotic neural network. The employed network comprises two
layers each with three layers: chaotic neuron layer (CNL) and permutation neuron layer (PNL). The approach uses a 160–bit–long authentication code
to generate initial conditions and the parameters of both layers. The overall process is repeated several times to make it robust and increasingly
complex. The proposed method uses two more keys where a slight mismatch in one of them fails in successfully decrypting an image. The authors in
[46] propose an encryption method based on a hybrid chaos–based encryption algorithm. The algorithm employs permutation–diffusion architecture
that uses chaotic control parameters for permutation. These control parameters for the permutation stage are generated by a logistic map. In the
diffusion stage, another chaotic logistic map with different initial conditions and parameters is used to generate initial conditions for a hyper–chaotic
Hopfield neural network to generate a key stream for image homogenization of the shuffled image. In order to provide summarized view, the authors in
[47] present survey of

Sampling Methods Essay
Sampling is the framework on which any form of research is carried out. A suitable sample that meets the inclusion and exclusion criteria of a research
design must be chosen from a given population to carry out studies. In this essay comparison is made between stratified random sampling and
convenience sampling. The population on which the researcher is interested in carrying out his or her research may be too large, therefore a suitable
sample which can represent the population in correct proportion must be chosen. Restraints such as limitation of time, resources and many other factors
necessitate the selection of a sample for research purpose so that better quality data is obtained from it and that the researcher can make statement about
...show more content...
The methodological strength and weaknesses of this two sampling methods is discussed in terms of identifying the samples for research, the
representativeness it possesses to the general population, the methods and the outcome. Stratified random sampling is a probability sampling where the
selection of sampling unit is left to a random process, all units in the sample has an equal and non–zero chance of being selected on a probability
ground or chance and not on the choice or judgement of the researcher (Sim,J and Wright,C. 2000,). Convenience sampling is an example of non
probability sampling where the selection of the units is not by chance, rather it is dependent on the researcher's judgement, the researcher decides the
samples to be included in the study which may be subject to availability, time, individual preferences etc. The probability of selection of a particular
sampling unit may or may not be known. Stratified random sampling is commonly done in quantitative researches. When the samples reflect the
characteristics of the target population in the same proportion; assumptions can be made on generalizing the data acquired from these samples provided
it has been done correctly, since it is statistically representative (Sim,J and wright,C.,2000) but sampling error

Sampling Design

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