Presentation from September 2021 CCXG Global Forum

1. Preparing for GST1:
Key Questions
Vicente Paolo Yu
OECD-IEA CCXG Global Forum
15 September 2021
1415-1600h CEST

2. What are the key remaining open questions and issues relating to different areas of
the GST?
 Meta-question for the GST:
o Are we achieving the purpose of the PA under Art 2 – “in enhancing the
implementation of the Convention, including its objective, aims to strengthen
the global response to the threat of climate change, in the context of sustainable
development and efforts to eradicate poverty”?
 Where are we? How did we get here?
 Where do we want to go? How do we get there?

3.  Important considerations (from various paras of 19/CMA.1) to be reflected in the
process and outcome of GST:
o Focus on taking stock of PA implementation to assess collective progress
o Inputs and topics, including linkages, discussed in balanced, holistic and
comprehensive manner with balanced time allocation taking into account equity
considerations and BAS
o Consideration of equity and fairness at collective level
o Consideration of best available science
o Identifying opportunities and challenges for enhancing action and support for
collective progress in all thematic areas and international cooperation
o Identifying lessons learned and good practices in all thematic areas and
international cooperation
o Identifying key political messages, including recommendations for strengthening
action and enhancing support
o Collective, no individual Party focus, include non-policy prescriptive
consideration of collective progress

4.  Open questions/issues:
o What would be the best way, in the context of the TA
and political components of the GST, to bring out the
linkages, opportunities, challenges, barriers, gaps in
terms of the implementation of the PA in the various
thematic areas and the collective progress towards
achieving PA long-term goals (Art. 2.1(a)-(c), Art. 4.1
peaking and emission/removals balance, Art 7.1 GGA,
Art 9.3 and 9.4 climate finance), in the context of the
PA’s purpose, in enhancing the implementation of the
Convention, including its objective, to strengthen the
global response to the threat of climate change, in the
context of sustainable development and efforts to
eradicate poverty?
o What would be the best way to inform Parties of GST
outputs to better enable them to update and enhance
NDCs, in a nationally determined manner, and
international cooperation?
H Winkler and A Marquard, Thinking ahead for the first GST
from Africa (August 2021), at
https://zivahub.uct.ac.za/articles/report/Thinking_ahead_to_first_
GST_from_Africa/15028962?file=30612696

5. What are key questions to consider in framing the GST components (information
collection and preparation, technical assessment, consideration of outputs) to support
the intended outcome of the process?
(i) How to ensure that the inputs obtained during the information collection component with respect
to the various thematic areas are considered in an integrated manner during the technical
assessment and consideration of outputs components?
(ii) How might elements of the Paris Agreement work together better, both internally and in the
context of enhancing the implementation of the Convention? And with climate and sustainable
development action outside of the formal UNFCCC process?

6.  Mitigation and response measures
o Where are we and what to do collectively under UNFCCC and PA about GHG emissions?
 What is the state of greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks and mitigation efforts
undertaken by Parties?
 What has been the overall progress made by Parties towards the implementation of the mitigation
component of their nationally determined contributions?
 Given that the best available science relating to the global mitigation pathways consistent with well
below 2°C and 1.5°C and the current levels of ambition of mitigation efforts in NDCs, what more can be
done on mitigation? What are the links between insufficient mitigation for unavoidable adaptation, loss
and damage, and the impacts of such climate change mitigation/adaptation response measures, and how
should these be addressed?
 What needs to be done to enhance the collective level and impact of mitigation actions of Parties, taking
into account equity and CBDR as well as the achievement of the SDGs?
o Where are we and what to do collectively under UNFCCC and PA about the impacts of response measures?
 What needs to be done in terms of action and support to address the impact and economic and social
consequences of climate change response measures on Parties?
o Which actions are sector-specific and where would systemic changes, either nationally or globally, be
needed?
o What needs to be done to enhance action and support for shifting to long-term LEDS in the context of
sustainable development and poverty eradication and increasing international cooperation on mitigation?

7.  Adaptation and loss and damage
o Where are we and what needs to be done collectively under UNFCCC and PA about adaptation?
 What is the state of adaptation efforts, support, experience and priorities?
 What has been the overall progress made by Parties towards the implementation of adaptation actions,
including as part of their nationally determined contributions?
 What progress has been made towards the global goal on adaptation? Are adaptation actions and support
provided for adaptation adequate and effective in contributing to meeting the global goal on adaptation?
 How can such progress towards achievement of the GGA be measured?
 How can Parties enhance ambition on and implementation of adaptation action and support?
 What are the adaptation good practices, priorities, needs and gaps that need to be addressed?
o Where are we and what needs to be done collectively under UNFCCC and PA about adaptation?
 How much L&D is implied by scenarios consistent with the global temperature goal (well below 2°C and
pursuing an effort to 1.5°C), and scenarios consistent with the aggregate effect of NDCs?
 What are the efforts to enhance understanding, action and support, on a cooperative and facilitative basis,
related to averting, minimizing and addressing loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate
change, and what are the remaining needs?
 How should addressing L&D be funded under the PA and under the Convention?
 What policies and institutions are available to reduce the risk of loss and damage?
 What support do developing country Parties need to assess and report on current and future loss and damage?

8.  Means of implementation and support
o Where are we and what needs to be done collectively under the Convention and PA on climate
finance?
 What is the state of finance flows and means of implementation and support and mobilization and
provision of support under the PA?
 How much and what kind of finance and support need to be provided under the Convention and
its PA to developing countries to be commensurate to achieving the purpose of the PA and the
objective of the Convention under Art. 2 UNFCCC?
 To what extent did the provision of climate finance under the Convention and its PA support
increased mitigation, adaptation, LD actions by Parties, particularly developing countries? To
what extent could additional finance support enhance such actions?
 What metrics should be used by the GST in the TA and in the political consideration component
to determine the adequacy of finance and other support provided to developing countries in the
context of the implementation of the PA and achievement of its purpose? What methods might be
used to account for progress towards the long-term goal on finance?
 Are efforts at providing climate finance under the PA:
 Meeting developed country Parties’ obligations to provide climate finance to developing
country Parties with respect to both mitigation and adaptation under Art. 9.1 PA and Art 4.3,
4.4, and 4.5 Convention?
 How to achieve a breakthrough on climate finance in terms of its rapid scale up and delivery
relative to what is needed?

9.  Means of implementation and support
Where are we and what needs to be done collectively under the Convention and PA on technology development and transfer?
o Are efforts related to support on technology development and transfer for developing country Parties under the PA:
 strengthening cooperative action on technology development and transfer towards achieving a balance between support for
mitigation and adaptation under the PA?
 enhancing the implementation of the transfer of, or access to, environmentally sound technologies and knowhow to other Parties,
particularly developing country Parties, to enable them to implement the provisions of the Convention?
 supporting the development and enhancement of endogenous capacities and technologies of developing country Parties?
Where are we and what needs to be done collectively under the Convention and PA on capacity building?
o Are capacity building efforts sufficient to support countries in developing their sustainable development and climate policies in an
integrated manner?
o What capacity building support is needed and how can these be provided in a scaled up and effective manner to assist developing
countries undertake LEDS and implement their NDCs fully?
o How can the relationship between action undertaken and support provided and received under the PA enhance the implementation of the
PA and the Convention, particularly considering equity and Art. 4.7 UNFCCC?
Where are we and what needs to be done collectively under the Convention and PA on barriers, challenges, opportunities, good
practices on MOI and support?
o What are the barriers and challenges with respect to finance, technology development and transfer, and capacity building gaps, that
developing countries face and that should be addressed? How should these be addressed?
o What are the good practices, experience and potential opportunities to enhance international cooperation on mitigation and adaptation
and to increase support?

10.  Addressing equity and fairness considerations, in the context of sustainable development and poverty
eradication
o Where are we and what needs to be done collectively under the Convention and PA to ensure that the
collective global response to climate change is equitable and supports sustainable development and poverty
eradication?
 What are the fairness considerations, including equity, as communicated by Parties in their nationally
determined contributions, that should be addressed by Parties collectively?
 How can efforts be shared fairly? What quantitative and qualitative ways are there of understanding fair
shares in relation to efforts to mitigate and adapt and to addressing response measures and L&D?
 What and how equity considerations, including CBDR and historical responsibility, should be taken into
account in the GST with respect to each of the thematic areas and the three GST components?
 What inequitable structural conditions (such as in the areas of trade, debt, technology control) need to be
addressed and changed to support an equitable implementation of the PA and the achievement of its
purpose and the Convention’s objective?
 What is the link between equity in climate action and the achievement of sustainable development and
poverty eradication? How can such link be strengthened through enhanced work in the thematic areas?
 How should non-Party stakeholders’ views on equity considerations be taken into account in the GST?

11. Thank you!