This is my final project for coursera course of neurobiology. I hope you enjoy it.

1. DYSLEXIA
AN EXAMPLEOF EVERYDAY NEUROBIOLOGY

2. What is dyslexia?
■ This disease is believed to be caused by genetics and environmental factors.
■ It’s also known as reading disorder. It is characterized by trouble with reading despite
normal intelligence.
■ Affected individuals may have problems such as spelling words, reading quickly,
writing words, pronouncing words when reading aloud and understanding what one
reads.
■ This difficulties are often noticed at school.
■ This disease is diagnosed through a series of tests of memory, vision, spelling, and
reading skills.

3. My history with dyslexia goes back to when I was little. During my childhood I did not
present any difficulties different from my peers. As I got older, the problems at school
began to appear. At first my parents thought I just needed a few refresher classes to catch
up with my classmates. My reading problems were the determining factor for my parents
to realize that I was not like everyone else. Nobody at school knew what was wrong with
me. So my parents decided to take me to a speech therapist. There I was diagnosed and
treated for eight years. My change was impressive, but to this day there are many things
that I cannot do "normally". It took me a lot to learn to ride a bike, read in public, write a
letter to my friends, and feel like everyone else. After much struggle, today I am about to
finish a career in the same conditions as a person who does not suffer from dyslexia. And
all this is thanks to the fact that I was treated and I had the courage to understand myself
and strive to be better every day.

4. Neuroanatomy
■ Some people with dyslexia shows less electrical
activation in-o art of the left hemisphere of the brain
involved with reading
– Inferior frontal gyrus
– Inferior parietal lobule
– Middle andVentral temporal cortex
■ Others theories are the impairment of cerebellum-
controlled muscle movement
– Formation of words by the tongue and facial
muscles
– Automatic tasks such as reading
– Balance impairments

5. Pathophysiology
■ Most people who are right-hand dominant have the left
hemisphere of their brain specialize more in language
processing.
– Anatomical differencences in the corpus callosum, the
bundle of nerves fibers that connects the left and the
right hemispheres, have been linked to dyslexia.
■ The MRI indicates changes in connectivity or in gray matter
density in areas replanted to reading/languages.

6. Pathophysiology
Dual route theory
■ This theory suggests that two separate cognitive routes are involved in reading aloud
– One mechanism is the lexical route, which is the process whereby skilled readers
can recognize known words by sight alone, through a "dictionary" lookup
procedure.
– The other mechanism is the nonlexical or sublexical route, which is the process
whereby the reader can "sound out" a written word. This is done by identifying
the word's constituent parts (letters, phonemes, graphemes) and applying
knowledge of how these parts are associated with each other, for example, how a
string of neighboring letters sound together.

7. Thoughts on neurobiology of everyday
life course
■ This course was really amazing. It has help me open my eyes to the intricacies of the
human brain.
■ I’m a biotechnology’s student. I’m seriously considering a master in neurobiology.
■ I feel that this course has provided me with a solid foundation in neurobiology. So, in
the future, I will be able to go deeper and enjoy this interesting word.
■ This causes has helped me to appreciate how blessed I am with health and do
everything possible to maintain it. And I also want to help those around me.