Dyslexia is a learning disorder that affects reading, writing, spelling and sometimes speaking abilities. It is caused by differences in how the brain processes written language and is often hereditary. Symptoms include difficulty reading aloud, slow reading speed, poor spelling and problems recalling words. While there is no cure, early diagnosis and treatment such as specialized education programs and tutoring can help improve reading skills and allow those with dyslexia to succeed.

1. Dyslexia
 presented By :Laiba Jameel
Function

2. INTRODUCTION
 Greek word “dys” (Poor or
inadequate) & the word “Lexis (
words or language).
 Dyslexia and IQ are not
interrelated.
 Generally undetected in early
age.
•Dyslexia is difficulty in
learning to read.

3. DEFINATION
 Dyslexia is a learning disorder that affects your
ability to read, spell, write, and speak.
 Dyslexia is a learning disorder that involves
difficulty reading due to problems identifying
speech sounds and learning how they relate to
letters and words (decoding). Also called reading
disability, dyslexia affects areas of the brain that
process language.
 Kids who have it are often smart and
hardworking, but they have trouble connecting the
letters they see to the sounds those letters make.
 According to U.S Institute of Health: “Dyslexia
is a learning disability tha can hider a person’s
ability to read , write,spell and sometimes speak”.

4. Causes of Dyslexia
 The real cause are still unknown.
 Some probable causes
 Hereditary:
A family history of dyslexia or
other learning disabilities.
 Neurological:
• Bunches of cells beneath the Surface of
brain have been detected .
• These groups of cell: “exotic cells” in
normal children move to the brains’s
Surface at the time when the brain was
developing .

5. Continued…
 Premature birth or low birth
weight.
 Exposure during pregnancy to
nicotine, drugs, alcohol or
infection that may alter brain
development in the fetus.
 Individual differences in the parts
of the brain that enable reading.

6. Symptoms
 Before school
• Late talking
• Learning new words slowly
• Difficulty learning nursery rhymes or
playing rhyming games
 School age
• Reading well below the expected level for
age Problems processing and
understanding what he or she hears
• Difficulty finding the right word or
forming answers to questions
• Problems remembering the sequence of
things

7. Continued …
 Teens and adults:
• Difficulty reading, including reading aloud
• Slow and labor-intensive reading and
writing
• Problems spelling
• Avoiding activities that involve reading
• Mispronouncing names or words, or
problems retrieving words
• Difficulty summarizing a story
• Trouble learning a foreign language
• Difficulty memorizing
• Difficulty doing math problems

8. What are the different
types of dyslexia?
 Primary dyslexia:
• This is the most common type of dyslexia,
and is a dysfunction of, rather than damage
to, the left side of the brain (cerebral cortex)
and does not change with age.
• Primary dyslexia is passed in family lines through
genes (hereditary) or through new genetic mutations
and it is found more often in boys than in girls.
 Secondary or developmental
dyslexia:
• This type of dyslexia is caused by problems with
brain development during the early stages of fetal
development. Developmental dyslexia diminishes as
the child matures. It is also more common in boys.

9. Continued…..
 Trauma dyslexia:
• This type of dyslexia usually
occurs after some form of brain
trauma or injury to the area of the
brain that controls reading and
writing. It is rarely seen in today's
school-age population.

10. Diagnosis
• There's no single test that can diagnose
dyslexia. A number of factors are considered,
such as:
 Your child's development, educational
issues and medical history.
 Home life.
 Questionnaires.
 Vision, hearing and brain (neurological)
tests.
 Psychological testing
 Testing reading and other academic
skills.

11. Treatment
 There's no known way to correct the underlying brain
abnormality that causes dyslexia — dyslexia is a lifelong
problem.There's no cure for dyslexia However, early
detection and evaluation to determine specific needs and
appropriate treatment can improve success.
 Educational techniques
• Teachers may use techniques involving hearing, vision and
touch to improve reading skills.
 Individual education plan
• Comprehend what he or she is reading
• Read aloud to build reading accuracy, speed and expression
(fluency)
• Build a vocabulary of recognized and understood words
• Learn to recognize and use the smallest sounds that make up
words .

12. What parents can do
 Address the problem early.
 Read aloud to your child.
 Work with your child's school
 Encourage reading time.
 Set an example for reading.
Because People with dyslexia have
normal intelligence and usually have normal
vision. Most children with dyslexia can
succeed in school with tutoring or a
specialized education program. Emotional
support also plays an important role.

13. Preparing for your
appointment
 Specialist, such as an eye doctor
(ophthalmologist)
 Health care professional trained to
evaluate hearing (audiologist)
 Doctor who specializes in brain and
nervous system disorders (neurologist)
 Doctor who specializes in the central
nervous system and behavior
(neuropsychologist)
 Doctor who specializes in children's
development abilities and behavior
(developmental and behavioral
pediatrician)

14. Dyslexia in Pakistan
 12 million children in Pakistan have
dyslexia.
 There currently is no cure for dyslexia.
However, most people with dyslexia
are able to cope and manage their
symptoms effectively, despite the
difficulties that go along with the
disability.
 With specialized educational
programs, tutoring, emotional and
occupational support, many dyslexic
individuals are able to lead happy and

15. World Dyslexia Awareness Day.