MINERALS -CLASSIFICATION-IMPORTANCE -DEFICIENCY

1. MINERALS

3. Introduction
Minerals are inorganic elements which
are utilized as structural components
of tissue and cellular compounds, as
catalyst for enzyme activity and to
maintain normal osmatic and
electrochemical gradients that support
neuromuscular activity and cell
membrane transport activity.

4. They constitute less than 5-6%of total
body weight.
These include calcium,phosphorus,
potassium, sodium, chlorine,
magnesium, iron, zinc, copper,
manganese, flourine, iodine, chromium,
selenium etc..

5. Classification of
minerals
Minerals have been
classified as
Major minerals
Trace elements

6.  Major minerals
Major minerals include compounds that are
needed in the diet in amounts greater than
100mg/day.
 Animals and humans need major minerals,
which include calcium, phosphorus, sodium,
potassium and magnesium in large amounts

7. Trace elements
Trace minerals, also called as trace
elements, are found in the body and
required in the diet in small amounts
although they play important roles in the
body. These are iron, copper, iodine,
manganese, zinc, molybdenum, selenium
and chromium.

8. Functions
Minerals have three general functions in
the body.
Minerals maintain electro neutrality
across cell membranes and help to
maintain water balance.
Minerals act as cofactors to many
enzymes and participate as electron
carriiers in several reactions

9. Functions and sources of minerals
Name Functions Sources
Calcium Maintains strong
bones and healthy
teeth. Helps the
body to
metabolize iron.
Helps in regular
heart beat
Milk, cheese,
yoghurt, soya
beans, sardines,
dried beans,
ground nuts and
sunflower seeds,
ragi, sesame seed.
Chlorine Helps keep the
body supple
Table salt

10. Name Functions Sources
Copper Keeps up body
energy by aiding
iron absorption
Dried beans and
peas, whole
wheat, prunes,
calf and beef liver,
most sea food,
egg.
Iron Hb formation
promotes resistance
to disease, prevents
fatigue, prevents
anemia
Red meat, liver and
other glandular
organs egg yolk,
nuts and dried
fruits like dates figs
etc.

11. Name Functions Sources
Magnisium Promotes a
healthy
cardiovascular
system
Figs, grape fruit,
corn, almonds,
nuts, apples, dark
green leafy
vegetables
Manganese Helps prevent
fatigue. Aids in
muscle reflexes
Leafy vegetables,
peas, beetrrot, rgg
yolk, wholegrain
cereals and nuts.

12. Name Function Source
Phoshorous Helps the
body to
repair itself
Fishpoultry,
whole grains,
egg, nuts and
oilseeds
Potassium Assist in
reducing blood
pressure
Oranges,
lemons, grape
friut, green leafy
vegetables,
bananas,
potatoes and
sunflower

13. Name Functions Sources
Selenium Helps the
tissues to
retain its
elasticity
Wheat germ,
bran, tuna
fish, onions,
tomatoes,
broccoli.
Zinc Contractility
of muscles
Brewers yeast
pumpkin seeds,
eggs, lamb meat,
soya beans,
cereals, pulses,
fish, vegetables

14. Name Functions Sources
Fluorine Strengthens
bones
Fluoride in
drinking water,
sea food.
Sodium Helps the body
muscles to
function
Kitchen salt,
shellfish,
carrot and
green leafy
vegetables

15. Effect of deficiency
Calcium
Calcium deficiency leads to gradual
demineralization of bony tissues
 This is due to decreased calcium
absorption with age

16. Phosphorus
Phosphorus deficiency is very
rare in human biengs.
Abnormally low serum
phosphate levels are seen in
people who use large amounts of
antacids which interfere with
phosphorus absorption.

17. Osteomalacia
Osteoporosis

18. Rickets

19. Iodine
Deficiency of iodine in humans
leads to enlargement of thyroid
gland resulting in goiter.
The thyroid gland of the adult
which normally weighs about
25g.
May weigh as much as 200-
500g.

20. Primary and secondary
hypothyroidism:may result due
to
Inability of gland to produce the
required quantity of thyroid
hormones.
Lack of stimulation of thyroid
gland by pituitary.

21. Cretinism
Goiter
Myxedema

22. Effects of iodine deficiency in
humans
Adults(goiter) Children
Lack of energy Symptoms
Lowered IQ(10-
15pts)Impaired learning and
preschool
performanceMental
retardation
Delayed motor
developmentGrowth failure
or stunting
Lack of energy
Impaired coordination
Muscular disorder
Paralysis-sluggishness
Speech defects
Hearing defects

23. Effect of iodine deficiency in
pregnant women:
Spontaneous abortions
Still births
Infant deaths
Impaired brain development of foetus
Birth of iodine deficient babies-cretin
(mental deficiency, hearing defects,
squint, stunted growth).

24. Fluorine
A diet deficient in fluorine may
increase the incidence of dental
caries and in corporation of fluorine
at a level of 1-2ppm in the diet
prevented the disease. Surveys
carried out on the incidence of dental
caries in human beings have yielded

25. Fluorine

26. Iron
General fatigue and lassitude
Breathlessness/Laboreol
breathing
Giddiness
Pallor of the skin
Oedema

27. Sodium
Defiency of sodium Jon leads to
hypinatremia in which the serum
Nalevel is below normal.
Symptoms of hypinatremia include
Severe dehydration
Decrease in blood volume
Decrease in blood pressure
Circulatory failure

28. Oedema

29. Hyponatremia
Hypinatremia may occur in the following
conditions:
Prolonged vomiting and diarrhea resulting in
excessive loss of digestive juices
Chronic renal disease with acidosis due to poor
absorption of sodium in the tumbles
•Potassium
•Hypokalemia
•Hyperkalemia

30. Copper
Copper is essential for normal
development of bones, the central
nervous system and connective tissue.
Copper deficiency produces marked
skeletal changes leading to osteoporosis
and spontaneous fractures

31. Zinc
Zinc deficiency has been found to
cause
Growth failure-leading to dwarfism
Hypogonadismi. e. Restarted genital
development
Loss of taste acuity
Retardation of bone development.
Tooth growth and eruption may also be
retarded.

32. Dwarfism

33. Skin lesions

34. Anemia

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