SOME APPROACHES IN TEFL

2. An approach is a way of looking at teaching and
learning. Underlying any language teaching
approach is a theoritical view of what language
is, and of how it can be learn. An approach
gives rise to methods, the way of teaching
something, which use classroom activities or
techniques to help learners learn.
(https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/article/ap
proach accessed at 17.42 Saturday, 13 April
2019)
Approach

3. Approach
Approach refers to “theories about the nature of
language and language learning that serve as the
source of practices and principles in language
teaching” (Richards and Rodgers, 1986, p.16
accessed at 17.42 Saturday, 13 April 2019).

4. The Kind of Approach in Teaching English
1. Student Cetered
Approach
2. Teacher Cetered
Approach
3. The Direct
Method
4. Grammar
Translation
5. Audio-Lingual
6. The Structural
Approach
7. Suggestopedia
8. Total Physical
Response TPR)
9. Communicative
Language Teaching
10. The Silent Way
11. Community
Language Learning
12. Immersion
13. Task Based
Language Learning
14. The Natural
Approach
15. The Lexical
Syllabus

5. Student Centered Approach
Both students and teachers are working together
with the same goal in mind and share the same focus.
Group work is encouraged, and students are encouraged to
work and communicate with each other.
As Thomas Shuell has said, student centered
teaching is built on the assumption that “what the student
does is actually more important in determining what is
learned than what the teacher does” (T. J. Shuell, Cognitive
Conception of Learning” (1986), 429)”.

6. Student Centered Approach

7. Example
•Presentations
•Brainstorming
•Discussion
.
•Small Group
•Experiments
•Role Play
.
•Debate
•Q & A Session
•Games

8. Student Centered Approach

9. When the students pay attention solely to
the teacher. The instructor will teach the class in
lectures. Group activities are discouraged. A
teacher centered classroom creates a quite,
orderly work environment.
Teacher Centered Approach

10. Teacher Centered
Approach

11. Example
• Presentation –Practice
Production (PPP) lesson
tends to be teacher
centered, as a teacher
leads the activity and
provides necessary
information, usually in an
open class arrangement.

12. Teacher Centered Approach

13. The different between teacher and studend centered

16. In this method the teaching is done
entirely in the target language. The
learner is not allowed to use his or her
mother tongue. Grammar rules are
avoided and there is emphasis on good
pronunciation. Richards, J. and Rodgers, T. 1986.
Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching. CUP
Cambridge accessed at 17.42 Saturday, 13 April 2019.
The Direct Method

19. Learning is largely by translation to and
from the target language. Grammar rules
are to be memorized and long lists of
vocabulary learned by heart. There is little
or no emphasis placed on developing oral
ability. Richards, J. and Rodgers, T. 1986. Approaches and
Methods in Language Teaching. CUP Cambridge accessed at
17.42 Saturday, 13 April 2019.
Grammar-Translation

20. • Large class can be taught
• Teacher with low level of oral ability can
be used
• This approach can be used at all levels
• Learners can use coursebook on their
own
Advantages
• Content of materials often boring and of
little interest to learners
• Inappropriate for young learners who
can not read much
• Exposure to authentic spoken language
absent
Disadvantages

21. Audio-Lingual
The theory behind this method is that learning a
language means acquiring habits. There is much
practice of dialogues of every situations. New
language is first heard and extensively drilled before
being seen in its written form.
Richards, J. and Rodgers, T. 1986. Approaches and Methods in Language
Teaching. CUP Cambridge accessed at 17.42 Saturday, 13 April 2019.

22. Advantages
1. The first method to have a theory
2. Making language teaching possible to large group
of learners
3. Emphasizing sentences production control over
grammatical structures development of oral
ability
4. Developing simple techniques and making use of
language lab
5. Developing the separation of the language skills.

23. Disadvantages
1. Teachers simply do not
explain in details
2. Grammar skills untrained
3. Reduce reading and
writing skills
4. Reduce ability to produce
own sentences

24. The Structural Approach
This method sees language as a complex of
grammatical rules which are to be learned
one at a time in a set order. So for example
the verb "to be" is introduced and practised
before the present continuous tense which
uses "to be" as an auxiliary.
Richards, J. and Rodgers, T. 1986. Approaches and Methods in
Language Teaching. CUP Cambridge accessed at 17.42
Saturday, 13 April 2019.

27. Suggestopedia
Richards, J. and Rodgers, T. 1986. Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching. CUP Cambridge accessed at
17.42 Saturday, 13 April 2019.

28. • Higher and faster learning
• Higher confidence and
self-esteem
• Lower classroom anxiety
• No homework
• Some learners can’t study
with comfortable
environtment and music
• No suitable with older
learners
• Not suitable with some
subjects (sciencs, math).
Advantages and disadvantages

29. Total Physical Response (TPR)
TPR works by having the learner respond to simple
commands such as "Stand up", "Close your book",
"Go to the window and open it." The method
stresses the importance of aural comprehension.
Richards, J. and Rodgers, T. 1986. Approaches and Methods in Language
Teaching. CUP Cambridge accessed at 17.42 Saturday, 13 April 2019.

30. Advantages
• Could be funny
• Does not require a big preparation
• It’s very memorable
• It’s useful to learn vocabulary
• It is applicable to students of any age
• It is good for kinaesthetic learners
• It works well with mixed ability classes
• It involves both left and right brained learning

31. Disadvantages
•It’s not very creative
•It’s limited you can not
apply it to all different
aspects of the language
•Students who are not
used to such things might
find it embrassing.

32. Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)
The focus of this method is to
enable the learner to communicate
effectively and appropriately in the
various situations she would be
likely to find herself in. The content
of CLT courses are functions such
as inviting, suggesting, complaining
or notions such as the expression
of time, quantity, location. Richards, J.
and Rodgers, T. 1986. Approaches and Methods in

38. The Silent Way
This is so called because the
aim of the teacher is to say as
little as possible in order that
the learner can be in control of
what he wants to say. No use
is made of the mother tongue.
Richards, J. and Rodgers, T. 1986. Approaches and
Methods in Language Teaching. CUP Cambridge
accessed at 17.42 Saturday, 13 April 2019.

43. Community Language Learning
In this method attempts are made to
build strong personal links between the
teacher and student so that there are
no blocks to learning. There is much
talk in the mother tongue which is
translated by the teacher for repetition
by the student. Richards, J. and Rodgers, T. 1986.
Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching. CUP
Cambridge accessed at 17.42 Saturday, 13 April 2019.

46. Immersion
This corresponds to a great extent to the
situation we have at our school. ESL students are immersed
in the English language for the whole of the school day and
expected to learn math, science, humanities etc. through
the medium of the target language, English.
Immigrant students who attend local schools find
themselves in an immersion situation; for example refugee
children from Bosnia attending German schools, or Puerto
Ricans in American schools.
Richards, J. and Rodgers, T. 1986. Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching.
CUP Cambridge accessed at 17.42 Saturday, 13 April 2019.

47. Advantages
1. Students develop full oral, reading, and writing proficiency in two language
(Chen,n.d.)
2. Students not only achieve at levels that are similar to or higher than those of
their peers enrolled in other programs or standardize tests of reading and
math in English, but in addition they are able to read and write at grade level
in another language. (Chen,n.d.)
3. Students in dual language programs develop very positive attitudes about
students of other language cultural backgrounds, and positive attitudes
toward themselves as learners. (Chen,n.d.)
4. The best way for a student to excel in a foreign language. (Chen,n.d.)

48. Disadvantage
1. Parents may be concerned about the child’s ability to
fluently master both of the immersion language and English
stimultaneously
2. Some parents worry about “too much” exposure, meaning
they want their children to soar with their new knowledge,
but they also don’t want them to forget their roots, (Chen)
3. Many immersion schools have smaller class sizes so the
type of extracurricular activities you want for your child may
not be present.
4. It might not still teach the currriculum deeply. It is important
to ensure that the immersion program you choose has as

49. The focus of the teaching is on the completion of a task which in itself is
interesting to the learners. Learners use the language they already have to
complete the task and there is little correction of errors.
(This is the predominant method in middle school ESL teaching at
Frankfurt International School. The tasks are subsumed in a major topic that is
studied for a number of weeks. In the topic of ecology, for example, students are
engaged in a number of tasks culminating in a poster presentation to the rest of
the class. The tasks include reading, searching the internet, listening to taped
material, selecting important vocabulary to teach other students etc.)
Richards, J. and Rodgers, T. 1986. Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching. CUP Cambridge accessed at 17.42
Saturday, 13 April 2019.

50. The Natural Approach
This approach, propounded by Professor S.
Krashen, stresses the similarities between
learning the first and second languages. There
is no correction of mistakes. Learning takes
place by the students being exposed to
language that is comprehensible or made
comprehensible to them. Richards, J. and Rodgers, T.
1986. Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching. CUP
Cambridge accessed at 17.42 Saturday, 13 April 2019.

55. The Lexical Syllabus
This approach is based on
a computer analysis of language
which identifies the most common (and hence
most useful) words in the language and their
various uses. The syllabus teaches these
words in broadly the order of their
frequency, and great emphasis is placed on
the use of authentic materials. Richards, J. and Rodgers,
T. 1986. Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching. CUP Cambridge
accessed at 17.42 Saturday, 13 April 2019.

59. Referencess
https://prezi.com/nso.tdgmum7/advantages-disadvantages accesssed at 19.00 Sunday, 21 April 2019
https://www.google.com/search?q.grammar-translation.method/avantages.disadvantages.
https://prezi.com/m/nemm/issviv9/the-direct-method/ accesssed at 20.00 Sunday, 21 April 2019
https://prezi.com/m/8nrvfu6g3imv/the-natural-approach/ accesssed at 00.00 Monday, 22 April 2019
https://prezi.com/m/ryjgseuj_ciz/student-centered-vs-teacher-centered/ accesssed at 18.19 Tuesday, 23 April 2019
https://googleweblight.com/i?u=https://www.teachthought.com/pedagogy/15-examples-student-centered-
teaching/&hl=id-IDaccesssedat18.29Tuesday,23April2019
https://prezi.com/m/spuhkunactyb/student-centered/accesssedat19.23Tuesday,23April2019
https://irvingtonparentsforum.files.wordpress.com/2015/09/10-10-2015-teacher-centered-v-learner-centered.pngaccesssedat
19.33Tuesday,23April2019
Richards, J. and Rodgers, T. 1986. Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching. CUP Cambridge accessed at
17.42 Saturday, 13 April 2019.