2. Groups and Social Groups
Groups
-collection of two or more persons who are in social interaction, who are guided by similar
norms, values, and expectations and who maintain a stable pattern of relations over a period
of time. (G. Homan, 1950)
-set of individuals who identify and interact with one another in structures way based on
shared values and goals(D. Light, 1984)
Social Group
-A unit of interacting personalities with interdependence of roles and statuses existing
between and among themselves.
- a collection of people who interact with each other in accordance with the position they
occupy in the society.
3. Other collections( but are not considered
as social groups)
Aggregate- or a crowd; a group of people in the
same location at the same but do not share a sense
of identity nor interact with each other.
Category- some individuals who are similar
characteristics but is not, in any way connected to
one another.
4. Social relation
When an interaction persists often enough, a social relation is formed.
Social relation is reciprocal in nature; the behavior of interactors derives
its meaning from his relation to the person or person involved.
Example
Mother- Daughter
Husband – Wife
Teacher – Student
Employer- Employee
5. Social Organization
Refers to a type of collectivity established for the pursuit of the specific aims or
goals, characterized by formal structure of rules, authority relations, a division of
labor and limited membership or admission. (J. Daymond, 1995)
2 Types of Social Organization
1. Formal – Formed specific goal or purpose
example: Government, SSG,
- Characterized by : Division of labor, Set of Rules/policies, System
replacing/inducting members
2. Informal- serve the needs of individual members without a well defined
purpose.
6. 3 Types of Formal Organization
Utilitarian- provide income, a means of livelihood or other type of benefits to its
members.
Normative- pursue moral goals and commitments.
Coercive- uses force to maintain control.
7. Types of Social Groups
social groups according to Social Ties
social groups according to Self Identification
Social Groups According to Purpose
8. Types of social groups according to Social
Ties
Primary Groups
-A small group that shares close, personal, enduring relationship; a fundamental unit
of human society.
-Characterized by Love, affection, care, support, concern, etc..
e.g Family, close friends
9. Types of social groups according to Social
Ties
Secondary Group
-characterized by impersonal, business-like and goal oriented relationships.
-Mostly temporary, involve weak emotional ties and little personal knowledge about
one another.
e.G Employees, workmates, business associates, faculty and staff, etc
10. Primary Group Secondary Group
1. Physical condition
Small Numbers, Long Duration Big numbers, Short duration
2. Social Characteristics
Intrinsic valuation of the relation Extrinsic valuation of the relation
Intrinsic valuation of other persons Extrinsic valuation of other persons
Inclusive knowledge of other
persons
Specialized and limited knowledge of
other persons
Feeling of freedom and spontaneity Feeling of external contraint
11.
12. Primary Secondary
operation of informal control operation of informal control
3. Sample Relationship
Friend-friend, husband-wife Clerk customer, announcer-listener
Parents-child, teacher-pupil Performer-spectator, officer-
subordinate
4. Sample Groups
Playgroup, Family, Village, Work Team Nation, Church Hierarchy, Professional
Association
Work Team Corporation
13. Types of social groups according to Self
Identification
In-groups
Out-groups
Reference Groups
14. In- Groups(US)
A group where an individual feel like he/she
belongs to.
A social unit in which individuals feel at home
and with which they identify.
We tend to feel positively to our in-group
members-in group Bias
15. Out-Groups(THEY)
Groups an individual does not identify with due to difference such as status,
social class, interest, beliefs, etc.
Some other individuals feel opposition or desire to compete to out groups.
16. Reference/Psychological Group
A group which individuals compare themselves to; standard of measurement.
Refers to a group to which an individual or another group compared.
This is a group which individuals relate or aspire to relate themselves
psychologically.
Compare standards
17. Types of Social Groups According to
Purpose
Special Interest Groups- groups which are organized to meet
the special interest of the members. E.g Handicraft, Painting,
Arts, Music, Glee Dance
Task Group – groups assigned to accomplish jobs which
cannot be done by one person. E.g Task Force
Influence Peer groups-groups organized to support or
influence social actions. E.G Peer counsellor
18. Types of Social Groups According to
Location or Quality of relationship
GEMEINSHAFT ( Community)- individual bounds together by
common norms, often because of shared physical space and
shared beliefs. Based of Mutual feelings of Togetherness
GESELLSCHAFT (Society)- refers to associations in which self-
interest is the primary justification for the membership.
Usually the members has the primary goal enhancing their
own self interest.
19. Elements of Effective Group Functions
Democratic or participate leadership is employed.
-Hearing different Opinions(Flexible patterns of communication
- A cooperative problem solving approach
- Members deals openly and candidly with one another
- Decision techniques which favor a sharing of responsibility via protection of the
individual rights are used rather than techniques which place the responsibility
clearly in the hands of but a portion of a group.
20. Some factors affecting Group Dynamics
Group Dynamics main concern is how the way groups influence individuals and how
individuals influence a group.
Factors Affecting
- Group size( the larger the group the more difficult to handle)
- Types of Groups goal( Might be positive or negative)
- Kinds of Group Cohesion( the bond between members affect– Team Building
activity)
- Social Conformity
- Group Decision Making( Orientation, Evaluation, Reaching Decision, Restore
Equilibrium)
- Leadership
21. Leadership
Leader- someone who influences other
people in a groups. ( inspire, Lead, guides
Leadership is an act of leading, guiding, and
inspiring a group of people or an
organization.
22. 2 types of leaders
Instrumental leaders- the one that make plan
to achieve the goal of the group; focused on
groups/goals/purpose.
Expressive Leaders- is not particular with goal
but aims to increase harmony and lessen
conflict within its group.
23. Qualities of a leader
Intelligence
Dominance
Charisma
Enthusiasm
Courage
Determination
Self Confidence
High Sense of Integrity
Tact
Diplomacy
Involvement
A good Listener, a
visionary and a
good role model.
