A urinary tract infection, or UTI, is an infection in any part of your urinary system, which includes your:- kidneys,  bladder, ureters, and urethra. It is associated with the inflammation of the urinary tract. When it affects the lower urinary tract it is known as a bladder infection and when it affects the upper urinary tract it is known as a kidney infection.

1. ELISA and its ResearchImplication
Title:- Urinary Tract Infections
Presentation by,
Nishikant R. Bhojane
nishikant018@gmail.com
M.Sc. 1 st-year Biotechnology
Reva University

2. CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Epidemiology and Etiology
3. Pathogenesis
4. Classification of UTIs
5. Risk Factors
6. Symptoms
7. Diagnosis
8. Treatment
9. Preventive measures
10. Summaryand Conclusion
11. References

3. INTRODUCTION
 A urinary tract infection, or UTI, is an infection in any part of your urinary
system, which includes your:-
• kidneys,
• bladder,
• ureters, and
• urethra.
It is associated with the inflammation of the urinary tract.
 When it affects the lower urinary tract it is known as a bladder infection
and when it affects the upper urinary tract it is known as a kidney infection.
Fig:- Urinary Tract

4. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY
 The chances of getting a urinary tract infection are higher in case of
women as compared to men. In children, 7% of girls and 2% of boys will
have had a urinary tract infection by the age of 7 years.
 Escherichia coli remains the predominant uro-pathogen (80%) involved in
the urinary tract infections, followed by Staphylococcus saprophyticus
(10% to 15%).
 Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Proteus species, and Enterococci infrequently
cause uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis.
 The etiology of UTI is also affected by underlying host factors that
complicate UTIs, such as age, diabetes, spinal cord injury, or
catheterization.
 Women are more likely to get UTIs because their urethra is shorter.

5. PATHOGENESIS OF UTIS

6. CLASSIFICATION OF UTIS
UTI
LOWER UPPER
• Prostatitis
• Cystitis
• Urethritis
• Pyelonephritis
• Ureteritis
• Renal and Perirenal
abscess

7. Renal and Perirenal abscesses start
with tissue necrosis. A renal abscess
forms a walled-off cavity while the
perinephric abscess consists of more
diffused liquefaction located near
renal capsule.
Pyelonephritis is a sudden and severe
kidney infection. It causes the kidneys
to swell and may permanently
damage them. Pyelonephritis can be
life-threatening.
Cystitis is the medical term
for inflammation of the bladder.
Mostly, the inflammation is caused by
a bacterial infection which further
leads to this UTI.
Ureteritis refers to inflammation of the
ureter, it is rare and is often
associated with cystitis or
pyelonephritis.
Urethritis is the inflammation of
urethra. The urethra carries urine
from bladder to outside of the body.
Pain with urination is the main
symptom of urethritis.
Prostatitis is a disorder of the
prostate gland usually associated
with inflammation. Prostatitis often
causes painful or difficult urination, as
well as pain in the groin, pelvic area,
or genitals.

8. RISK FACTORS
Some people are at greater risk than others of developing UTIs. These
include:-
 Women:- sexually active women are vulnerable, in part because the
urethra is only four centimeters long and bacteria have only this short
distance to travel from the outside to the inside of the bladder.
 People with urinary catheters:- such as people who are critically ill, who
can’t empty their own bladder use catheters which also invite the bacterial
invasion.
 People with diabetes:- changes to the immune system make a person with
diabetes more vulnerable to infection.
 Men with prostate problems:- such as an enlarged prostate gland that can
cause the bladder to only partially empty which will lead to improper flush
of urine.
 Babies:- especially those born with physical problems (congenital
abnormalities) of the urinary system are also susceptible to UTIs.

9. SYMPTOMS
 A strong, persistent urge to urinate.
 A burning sensation when urinating.
 Passing frequent, small amounts of urine.
 Urine that appears cloudy.
 Urine that appears red, bright pink, or cola-colored — a sign of blood in the
urine.
 Strong-smelling urine.
 Pelvic pain, in women — especially in the center of the pelvis and around
the area of the pubic bone.

10. DIAGNOSIS
 Growing urinary tract bacteria in a lab:- Lab analysis of the urine is
sometimes followed by a urine culture. This test tells your doctor, what
bacteria are causing your infection and which medications will be most
effective.
 Creating images of your urinary tract:- If you are having frequent infections
that your doctor thinks may be caused by an abnormality in your urinary
tract, you may have an ultrasound, a CT scan, or an MRI.
 Analyzing a urine sample:- Your doctor may ask for a urine sample for lab
analysis to look for white blood cells, red blood cells, or bacteria.
 Using a scope to see inside your bladder:- If you have recurrent UTIs, your
doctor may perform a cystoscopy, using a long, thin tube with a lens
(cystoscope) to see inside your urethra and bladder.

11. TREATMENT
 Antibiotics usually are the first-line treatment for urinary tract infections.
 Drugs commonly recommended for simple UTIs include:-
•Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
•Fosfomycin
•Nitrofurantoin
•Cephalexin
•Ceftriaxone
 If you have frequent UTIs, your doctor may make certain treatment
recommendations, such as:-
• Vaginal estrogen therapy - if you're postmenopausal, or
• Self-diagnosis and treatment - if you stay in touch with your doctor.
 For a severe UTI, you may need treatment with intravenous antibiotics in a
hospital.

12. PREVENTIVE MEASURES
 Drink plenty of water and other fluids to flush the urinary system.
 Treat vaginal infections such as thrush or trichomonas quickly.
 Go to the toilet as soon as you feel the urge to urinate, rather than holding
on.
 Wipe yourself from front to back (urethra to anus) after going to the toilet.
 Empty your bladder after sexual contact.
 Avoid constipation.
 Change your birth control method because diaphragms, or unlubricated or
spermicide-treated condoms, can all contribute to bacterial growth.

13. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
 A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that affects part of the urinary
tract.
 Women are more prone to these infections as compared to men because
in the case of women the distance between the anus and urethral opening
is very less.
 Most UTIs are caused due to bacterial contamination by E. Coli.
 The pathogenesis of UTIs is a slow process.
 UTIs can be classified into two major categories, the lower and the upper.
 Majorly, UTIs are treated with the help of antibiotics.
 We can conclude that, by maintaining proper hygiene and taking
precautions, UTIs can easily be prevented.

14. REFERENCES
 Crowley Leonard, 2010, An Introduction to Human Disease: Pathology and
Pathophysiology Correlations, Eighth edition, Jones and Bartlett Publishers,
Sudbury Massachusetts
 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12601338/
 https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease
 https://www.webmd.com/women/guide/your-guide-urinary-tract-infections
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