solar power, photovoltaics, concentrated solar power

1. Topic of Seminar :
SOLAR ENERGY
SUBMITTED BY:
NISHA DANGI
(17EEMEE030)
EE (VII Sem.)

2. CONTENTS :
 SOLAR ENERGY
 SOLAR POWER
 PHOTOVOLTAICS
• SOLAR CELL
• SOLAR PANEL
• SOLAR ARRAY
• CHARGE CONTROLLER
• BATTERY
• INVERTER
 SOLAR POWER PLANT
 ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR POWER
 DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR POWER
 CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER
• LINEAR CONCENTRATOR
• DISH / ENGINE
• POWER TOWER SYSTEM

3. SOLAR ENERGY :
 Solar energy is simply the light and heat that come from the sun.
 People can harness the sun's energy in a few different ways such
as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy.
 It is an essential source of renewable energy.
 Solar energy is widely used all over the world as a source for
generating power.

4. ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM SOLAR ENERGY:
SOLAR POWER
 Solar power is generated in two main ways:
1) Photovoltaics (PV), also called solar cells, are electronic devices that convert sunlight
directly into electricity.
2) Concentrated solar power (CSP), uses mirrors to concentrate solar rays. These rays heat
fluid, which creates steam to drive a turbine and generate electricity.

5. SOLAR POWER : PHOTOVOLTAICS
 Photovoltaics (PV) is the conversion of light into electricity using
semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect.
 A photovoltaic system employs solar modules, each comprising a
number of solar cells, which generate electrical power.
 PV installations may be ground-mounted, rooftop mounted, wall
mounted or floating.

6. SOLAR CELLS
 Solar cell is a device which converts solar energy into electrical energy.
 SOLAR CELL IS MADE OF:
 A solar cell is usually made from silicon.
 A simple solar cell consists of sandwich of a silicon- boron layer and a silicon-
arsenic layer . The amount of boron and arsenic present in the two silicon layers is
however very small.
 A small piece of wire is soldered at the top of upper layer of cell and another piece
of wire is soldered at the bottom of the lower layer..
 A solar cell is covered with a glass cover or transparent plastic cover protection.

7. CONSTRUCTION OF SOLAR CELL

8. WORKING OF SOLAR CELL :
 When solar panels are placed in
the sunlight , photons will strike
the surface and emits electrons.
 As a result electron hole pair is
created in the solar cell.
 When external circuit is
connected to the solar cell ,
electrons flow in the circuit and
the current is generated

9. SOLAR PANEL :
 Solar panel is a device which is collection
of solar cells.
 Solar panel consists of a large number of
solar cells joined together in a definite
pattern.
 A solar panel can provide much more
electric power than a single solar cell.
 The various solar cells in a solar cell
panel are joined together by connecting
wires made of silver metal.

10. SOLAR ARRAY :
 a solar array is a collection of multiple solar
panels that generate electricity as a system.
 The size of your solar array depends on
where you live, the position of your roof and
the energy needs of your family.
 A solar array starts with solar cells – or
photovoltaic cells – which are then grouped
together to make solar panels. This group of
solar panels is called an array.

11. SOLAR POWER CHARGE CONTROLLER :
 A charge controller, or charge regulator is basically a voltage and/or current regulator to keep
batteries from overcharging.
 A solar panel is used to charge a battery.
 A set of op-amps are used as comparators to continuously monitor panel voltage, load current
etc.
 It regulates the voltage and current coming from the solar panels going to the battery.
 Indications are also provided by a green LED for fully charged battery.
 A set of red LEDs to indicate under charged, overloaded and deep discharge condition.

12. BATTERY :
 If your solar panels are producing more electricity than you need, the
excess energy goes towards charging the battery.
 The depth of discharge (DoD) of a battery refers to the amount of a battery’s capacity
that has been used.
 If a 10 kWh battery has a DoD of 90 percent, you shouldn’t use more than 9 kWh of
the battery before recharging it.
 A battery’s round-trip efficiency represents the amount of energy that can be used as a
percentage of the amount of energy that it took to store it.
 For example, if you feed five kWh of electricity into your battery and can only get
four kWh of useful electricity back, the battery has 80 percent round-trip efficiency (4
kWh / 5 kWh = 80%).

13. INVERTER:
 The main purpose of the solar inverter is to translate or “invert” the solar energy generated
by your solar panels—from DC to AC so that your home and utility grid can use it.
 A home inverter take the DC power from the batteries and convert it to AC power used by
appliances.
 A solar inverter also does the same if it is an “Off Grid” solar power system. In case of
“Grid Connected” the DC power is from the solar panels and AC power is given to the
grid.
 For your inverter to be right for your system, it's watts rating must be approximately equal
to your solar system's watts rating.

14. SOLAR POWER PLANT :

15. CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER :
 Concentrated solar power (CSP, also known as concentrating solar
power, concentrated solar thermal) systems generate solar power by
using mirrors or lenses to concentrate a large area of sunlight onto a
receiver.
 Electricity is generated when the concentrated light is converted to heat
(solar thermal energy), which drives a heat engine (usually a steam
turbine) connected to an electrical power generator powers a
thermochemical reaction.

16. TYPES OF CSP :
The 3 main types of concentrating solar power systems
are:
1. Linear concentrator,
2. Dish/engine &
3. Power tower systems.

17.  Linear concentrator :
 Collects the sun's energy using long rectangular,
curved (U-shaped) mirrors.
 The reflected sunlight heats a fluid flowing through the
tubes.
 The hot fluid then is used to boil water in a
conventional steam-turbine generator to produce
electricity.
 There are two major types of linear concentrator
Systems :
>> Parabolic trough systems and
>> Linear Fresnel reflector systems.

18.  Dish/Engine :
 Uses a mirrored dish similar to a very large
satellite dish.
 The dish-shaped surface directs and concentrates
sunlight onto a thermal receiver, which absorbs
and collects the heat and transfers it to the engine
generator.
 The most common type of heat engine used today
in dish/engine systems is the Stirling engine.
 The mechanical power is then used to run a
generator or alternator to produce electricity.

19.  Power tower system :
 Uses a large field of flat, sun-tracking
mirrors known as heliostats to focus and
concentrate sunlight onto a receiver on
the top of a tower.
 A heat-transfer fluid heated in the
receiver is used to generate steam.
 Some power towers use The energy-
storage capability, or thermal storage,
allows the system to continue to dispatch
electricity during cloudy weather or at
night.

20. Advantages of Solar Power :
• Renewable Energy Source.
• Reduces Electricity Bills.
• Low Maintenance Costs.
• No running cost.
• It reduces reliance on oil, coal and natural gas for electricity production.
• No environmental emission.
• Solar Energy Is Applicable Everywhere

21. Disadvantages of Solar Power :
• Cost - The initial cost of purchasing a solar system is fairly high.
• Weather Dependent - Although solar energy can still be collected during cloudy
and rainy days, the efficiency of the solar system drops.
• Solar Energy Storage Is Expensive.
• Uses a Lot of Space.

22. THANK YOU