2. Book:
Dual Language program is also a dual oracy program. The program includes speaking, listening,
reading, and writing in two languages. It is not used for content instruction.
3. Educational Website:
Dual-language program is also known as bilingual education. An academic program that are
taught in two languages. Dual-language education is used to ensure that non-english speaking
students or students who do not speak English proficiently are given the right help to succeed in
their education but is designed to help develop English fluency, knowledge, and language.
(Hidden curriculum (2014, August 26). In S. Abbott (Ed.), The glossary of education reform.
Retrieved from http://edglossary.org/hidden-curriculum )
4. SFA Database
Dual Language program is from those whose first language is Spanish. They met once a week
for 9 weeks after school. This program helped enhance their language. Most of the teaching is
purposeful through teaching language in a classroom setting but should also be taught through
social and linguistic interactions.
(Anderson, N. 2003. Metacognitive reading strategies increase L2 performance. The Language
Teacher 27, no. 7: 20–22 )
5. Reflective Paragraph
Dual language programs will affect me in the future because as a teacher I will be faced with
students of many cultural backgrounds and different languages. I agree with dual-language
programs because all students, no matter the ethnicity or background, should have the same
education. Although they may need extra help, they deserve fair ability to learn.
7. Book:
Balanced bilingual is the oracy and literacy of two languages.
Mondolingual/literate in native language is the fluency and able to perform well with academic
language. They have also had limited exposure to English.
Monolingual/preliterate in native language is fluency in but cannot perform orally or
academically n the primary language.
Limited bilingual is the fluency in primary language but does not have the academic skills in
both languages.
8. Educational Website
Simultaneous bilingualism occurs when a child learns two languages at home at the same time.
The child will then mix up words and sentences from both languages.
Sequential bilingualism is a child uses their knowledge and experience with the first language to
learn a second language. If the sounds and words are similar, it is easier for the child to learn the
second language.
Bilingual language is best learned when both languages are introduced early and simultaneously.
(Bilingualism/Bilingual education. (n.d.). Retrieved September 17, 2017, from
http://www.healthofchildren.com/B/Bilingualism-Bilingual-Education.htm )
10. Reflective Paragraph
Types of bilingual students will affect me in the future as a teacher because all students will have
different backgrounds. I will have students who has only learned one language, students who
have learned multiple languages, and students who have to use different languages for different
reasons. I do think programs are needed for these students because they deserve a fair chance at
education.
12. Book:
Educators point out that the transfer can by with the aligning contexts or engaging in practice
through simulations, modeling, and problem-solving. It can occur when comprehension or
production of a second language is influenced by the first language.
13. Educational Website
Language transfer is the capability to unconsciously switch between multiple languages. Not
only is it important to be able to translate the languages, but to be able to understand the
meanings of the translated words.
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-language-transfer.htm
14. SFA Database
Language transfer refers to the practice of a bilingual person switching languages based off the
situation they are in. The bilingual person may practice language transfer in many different
situation which can include a few minute conversation or an entire discussion.
Sakel, J. (2012). Transfer and language contact: the case of Pirahã. International Journal Of
Bilingualism, 16(1), 37-52. doi:10.1177/1367006911403212
15. Reflective Paragraph
It is important for me to understand bi-literacy because bi-literacy is when a person can
read/write in more than one language. It is important to know if someone is bi-literal because I
would need to know what language to give the student to read. I agree with the results because
students can have different literacy rates and therefore it is important to help them understand the
meaning of translated work on paper.
17. Book:
A bi-literacy approach to teach helps a student establish, maintain, and value the language and
culture of their homes as much as their skills in English.
18. Educational Website
Bi-literacy is a set of skills that allows a person to go from one language to another when they
are reading. As the person’s skills and strategy improves, they will be more and more capable of
practicing language transfer.
http://moramodules.com/MoraModules/MetalingTransfer.htm
19. SFA Database
Bi-literacy is the capability of being able to understand two different languages at two different
places. A common example in today’s society of bi-literacy is when a student speaks and writes
Spanish at home, but speaks and writes in English when at school.
Delbridge, A., & Helman, L. (2016). Evidence-Based Strategies for Fostering Biliteracy in Any
Classroom. Early Childhood Education Journal, 44(4), 307-316. doi:10.1007/s10643-015-0712-
7
20. Reflective Paragraph
It is important for me to understand bi-literacy because bi-literacy is when a person can
read/write in more than one language. It is important to know if someone is bi-literal because I
would need to know what language to give the student to read. I agree with the results because
students can have different literacy rates and therefore it is important to help them understand the
meaning of translated work on paper.
22. Book
A bicultural approach uses both languages for literacy instruction and provides functional use of
the languages. It helps develop reading and writing simultaneously with speaking and listening
skills. Bicultural approach uses the student’s cultural background as a tool for learning and has
high expectations regardless of the language proficiency. It also becomes a cultural broker.
23. Educational Website
Bi-culturals typically feel comfortable and proficient in their own culture and the culture around
them. Some people choose to be bicultural because that means they get to hold onto their
family’s culture.
Schwartz, S. J., & Unger, J. B. (2010). Biculturalism and Context: What Is Biculturalism, and
When Is It Adaptive? Human Development, 53(1), 26-32. doi:10.1159/000268137
24. SFA Database
Bi-culturals are known to have distinct knowledge structures, one for each culture. However, not
every bicultural person is bilingual and not all bilingual people are bicultural.
Grosjean, F. (2015). Bicultural bilinguals. International Journal Of Bilingualism, 19(5), 572-
586. doi:10.1177/1367006914526297
25. Reflective Paragraph
It is important for me to understand what it means for a person to be bicultural because I now
know that some students can be bicultural even if they only speak one language or they can be
bicultural and speak more than one language. I agree with the results of the research because I
know that it is possible to have multiple cultures depending on one’s situation. For example,
someone can move into a new place due to a job or school and they would adjust to the new
culture while keeping their own culture.
26. Resources:
Grosjean, F. (2015). Bicultural bilinguals. International Journal Of Bilingualism, 19(5),
572-586. doi:10.1177/1367006914526297
Delbridge, A., & Helman, L. (2016). Evidence-Based Strategies for Fostering Biliteracy
in Any Classroom. Early Childhood Education Journal, 44(4), 307-316.
doi:10.1007/s10643-015-0712-7
Sakel, J. (2012). Transfer and language contact: the case of Pirahã. International Journal
Of Bilingualism, 16(1), 37-52. doi:10.1177/1367006911403212
Bilingualism/Bilingual education. (n.d.). Retrieved September 17, 2017, from
http://www.healthofchildren.com/B/Bilingualism-Bilingual-Education.htm
Anderson, N. 2003. Metacognitive reading strategies increase L2 performance. The
Language Teacher 27, no. 7: 20–22
Hidden curriculum (2014, August 26). In S. Abbott (Ed.), The glossary of education
reform. Retrieved from http://edglossary.org/hidden-curriculum
Schwartz, S. J., & Unger, J. B. (2010). Biculturalism and Context: What Is Biculturalism,
and When Is It Adaptive? Human Development, 53(1), 26-32. doi:10.1159/000268137
http://moramodules.com/MoraModules/MetalingTransfer.htm
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-language-transfer.htm
