history of architecture

1. INBETWEEN WAR ARCHITECTURE AND ART. (1914-1945).
Presented by :
Anisha 02
Akash Amin
Adil 08
Deep H. 09
Dhaval
Garishma
Isha 10
Jaydeep
Jugal B. 12
Jugal s. 13
Monark 17
Maulik
Nehal 21
Rutu 28
Zeel 30
History Of Architecture | semester 6 | Venus Institute Of Design and Architecture., SSIU

2. Pre – World war scenario of Europe and America.

3. Early modernism in Europe:1900-1914
The Glasgow school of art (1896-99) by
Rennie Macintosh.
Austrian Postal savings bank in Vienna (1904-06) by
Otto Wagner.
The AEG turbine factory (1909) by
peter behrens
Stoglet palace, Brussels, (1906–1911)
by josef Hoffman. The facus factory in alfeld (1911–13) by walter
gropius and adolef meyer
The glass pavilion in cologne (1914)
by German architect bruno taut.
Notable architects.
• Charles rennie
macintosh
• Victor horta.
• Antonio gaudi
• Otto wagner
• Adolf loos
• Josef Hoffmann
• Gustav klimt
• Walter Gropius
• Adolf meyer
• Richard riemerschmid

4. Early modernism in America :1900-1914
The Arthur hertley house in oak park,
Illinois, 1902
By FLW
The robie house, 1909
by FLW.
William h. winslow house, oak park,
Illinois (1893-94)
By FLW
Birth of Skyscrapers Home insurance building
(1883)
by William le baron.
The neo-gothic crown of the
Woolworth building (1912) by cass
gilbert.
Prudential building 1896 by Louis
sulliavan
The flatiron building 1903,
new york
Notable architects.
• Frank Lloyd wright
• Louis Sullivan
• Le Corbusier
• Ludwig Meis van der rohe
• Cass gilbert

5. Causes of world war I
• Militarism: Arm race creating a competition and fear for neighboring nations.
• Alliances: Formation Of Triple Entente(1907) And Triple Alliances(1882).
• Imperialism: Colonizing And Trading.
• Nationalism: competitions and development.
• Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-
Hungary

6. • World War I (1914 - 1918).
• The Triple Alliance – this was
an alliance formed in 1882
between
o Germany,
o Austria-Hungary
o Italy
• The Triple Entente – this was
an alliance formed in 1907
between
o Britain,
o Russia
o France

7. Notable International Style Architects
Walter Gropius
Germany
J.J.P Oud
Le Corbusier
France
Richard Neutra
United States
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
United States
Philip Johnson
United States
• developed
mainly in Germany , Holland &
France, during
the 1920s.
• America in the 1930s, where it
became the dominant
tendency in American
architecture during
The middle decades of the 20th
century.
International Style (1918-1950s)

8. Characteristics
• Rectilinear forms;
• Light, taut plane;
• Open interior spaces;
• A visually weightless quality engendered by the use of cantilever construction.
• Glass and steel, in combination with usually less visible reinforced concrete, are the characteristic materials of construction.
Origin and development
• The need to build large numbers of commercial and civic buildings that served a rapidly industrializing society;
• The successful development of new construction techniques involving the use of steel, reinforced concrete, and glass; and
• A strong desire to create a "modern" style of architecture for "modern man".

9. Villa Savoye
The Villa Savoye is the last of le
Corbusier’s houses
that was designed during the 1920’s.
Considered as the summation of his
“Five Points of a
New Architecture.”
The pilotis, or thin point-support
columns, are arrang-
ed in a near perfect grid.
Built entirely out of the industrial material
of steel ,
concrete and glass and exhibits several
links with
modern means.

10. The Bauhaus School,
1919-32, walter gropius
The Fagus Factory, 1911-
13, by walter gropius
The Lovell House, Richard
neutra, 1927-29.

11. EXPRESSIONISM 1910-1960
Artistic style in which the artist seeks to depict not objective reality but rather the subjective emotions and responses that
objects and events arouse within a person.
distortion,
exaggeration and
fantasy and through the vivid, jarring, violent, or dynamic application of formal
elements.
ORIGIN AND GEOGRAPHY
• Expressionism emerged in various cities across Germany (1910-1928)
• movement lasted from approximately 1905 to 1960 and spread throughout
Europe.
CAUSES
• New technologies and massive urbanization
• artists reflected the psychological impact of these developments by moving
away from a realistic representation of how the world affected them.
Notable PEOPLE
Architects
• Hermann Finsterlin
• Antoni Gaudí
• Walter Gropius – early period
• Hugo Häring
• Fritz Höger
• Bernhard Hoetger
• Michel de Klerk
• Piet Kramer
• Carl Krayl
• Rudolf Steiner
• Bruno Taut
artists
• Edvard Munch
• Wassily Kandinsky
• Oskar Kokoschka
• Franz Marc
• Ernst Ludwig Kirchner

12. FEATURES AND CHARACTERISTICS
• POETIC,EXPRESSIVE AND OPTIMSTIC
• DISTORTION OF FORM
• BOLD COLOURS
The Scream (1893)
Artist: Edvard Munch
Large Blue Horses (1911)
Artist: Franz Marc
Houses at Night (1912)
Artist: Karl Schmidt-Rottluff
Portrait of a Man
(1919)
Artist: Erich Heckel

13. The Einstein Tower
- Erich Mendelsohn (1920–24)
Second Goetheanum
-Rudolf Steiner (1924–1928)
Horseshoe-shaped public housing project
-Bruno Taut (1925)
Het Schip apartment building
-Michel De Klerk (1917–1920)
•Uses creative potential
of artician craftmanship.
•Distortion of form for an
emotional effect.
•Conception of architecture as
a work of art

14. Chilehaus Hamburg
by Fritz Höger, 1923
National Museum of the
American Indian by
Douglas Cardinal
Catholic parish church
"Heilig-Kreuz"
at Gelsenkirchen by Josef
Franke 1927–1929 Glass Pavilion at the Cologne Deutscher
Werkbund Exhibition, 1914 by Bruno
Taut

15. BRICK EXPRESSIONISM 1910-30
-IT IS A PART OF EXPRESSONIST ARCHITECTURE.
-COUNTER MOVEMENT AGAINST BAUHAUS AND WERKBUND.
-ORIGINATED PRIMARILY IN GERMANY AND NETHERLANDS.
-USE OF BRICKS AS MAIN VISIBLE BUILDING MATERIAL.
-DEVELOPED A DISTINCTIVE FORM OF ORNAMENTATION WITH
ROUGH,ANGULAR AND POINTY ELEMENTS.
-notable people:
• Fritz Höger (Northern Germany and Hamburg
• JOSEF FRANKE (RUHR)
• MICHAEL DE KLERK (AMSTERDAM)
Amsterdam school (1910 -1930)

16. -MAIN FEATURE ARE THE LIVELY FACADES.
-ACHIEVED ONLY THROUGH USING BRICKS.
MATERIALS-
-CLINCKER BRICKS
-BRICKS
-TILES
VARIETY OF COLOURS
PATTERNS AND COLOURS SCULPTURE AND ORNAMENTATION
USE OF BRICKS ONLY ANGULAR PLACEMENT
FEATURES:

17. HAN-SACH HAUS
REEMTSMA FACTORY SPRINKENHOF WALDORFER GYMNASIUM JARRESTADT SCHOOL
NORTHERN GERMANY:
ST. ATONIUS BOGESTRA HQ. OBERHAUSEN CENTRAL STATION
RUHR:

18. BERLIN:
NETHERLAND:
HET SCHIP SCHOOL DI BIJENKORF SCHEEPVAARTHUS

19. De stijl (The Style) – 1917-1931
- In dutch “de stijl” means “the style” also known as
neoplastism.
- An art and design movement founded in Holland by painters
and architects in 1917.
- The movement strives to express universal concept through :-
Elimination
Reduction
Abstraction
Simplification
Asymmetrical balance of rectangles
Planes
The primary use of colour

20. Notable people:-
• Theo van Doesburg
• Piet Mondriaan
• J.J.P. Oud
• Gerrit Rietveld
• Vilmos Huszár
• Jan Wils
Artist houseBroadway boogie woogieGray tree Still life
Dancers Sortrait Stained glass window

21. Architectural characteristics :-
• Houses for individual are the most
important.
• Rectangular shapes define the geometric.
• Repetition of windows, doors and block of
color.
• Window sizes vary on an individual building
from large to small.
• Flat roof
• Asymmetry
• Geometric form
• White or gray walls with details highlighted
by primary color.
• Furniture and decorative arts are conceived
as one with the architectural and interior
design.

22. :-
S
C
H
O
R
D
E
R
H
O
U
S
E

23. BAUHAUS HOUSE
THE BAUHAUS AND THE GERMAN WERKBUND(1919-1932)
FEATURES AND CHARCATERISTICS:
oGLASS
oCONCERTE
oHORIZONTAL LINES
oFURNITURE
oCHAIR DESIGN
oPAINTING
oDANCE
oWEAVING
SIMPLICIT, FUNCTIONALISM,
ANONYMOUS AND ITS
EMPHASIS ON THE HARDCRAFT
ETHIC.
oTHE NAME BAUHAUS STEM FROM THE GERMAN WORDS
FOR “TO BULID”AND “HOUSE”
oTIME LINE
oWEIMAR
FROM 1919-1925
oDESSAU
FROM 1925-1932
oBERLIN
FROM 1932-1933

24. Bauhaus building in weimar, 1919-
27
Bauhaus, Dessau, 1919-32,

25. Dadaism (1916)
• Dadaism or Dada is a post-World War I cultural movement in:
o visual art
o literature (mainly poetry),
o theatre
o graphic design.
• an artistic and literary movement that began in Zürich, Switzerland.
The focus of artists was on making works that often
• upended bourgeois sensibilities and that generated difficult questions
about society, the role of the artist, and the purpose of art.
Fountain, 1917 by
Marcel Duchamp.
Hannah Hoch,
the Kitchen Knife
through the Beer Belly
of the Weimar Republic,
1919
LHOOQ. 1919
by Marcel
Duchamp.
Notable people
• Marcel DuChamp,
• Hannah Hoch,
• Max, Ernst,
• Hans Richter.
• Hugo Ball
• Emmy Hennings
• Hans Arp.
Cities.
The Spirit of Our
Time', 1920 , RAOUL
HAUSMANN
The Scream, 1910
by Edvard Munch
Zürich, Berlin, Cologne, New York, Paris,
Netherlands, Georgia, Italy, Japan,
Russia.

26. CONSTRUCTIVIST ARCHITECTURE (1919–1931)
After the Russian Revolution of 1917,
Russian avant-garde artists and architects began searching for a
new Soviet style which could replace traditional neoclassicism.
Constructivist architecture was a form of Modern architecture that flourished in the Soviet Union in the 1920s
and early 1930s
It explores the opposition between different forms as well as the
contrast between different surfaces, predominately between
solid walls and windows, which often gave the structures their
characteristic sense of scale and presence
Valadmir taltin’s
tower, launched
the Russian
costructivist
architecture

27. CHARACTERISTIC:
the application of 3D cubism to abstract and non-
objective elements.
Elements of Constructivist art/architecture are:
• minimal
• geometric
• spatial
• architectonic
• experimental
merged elements of the modern age such as radio
antennae, tension cables, concrete
frames and steel girders.
The possibilities of modern materials were explored,
such as
• steel frames that supported large areas of glazing,
• exposed rather than concealed building joints,
balconies and sun decks.
Rusakov Workers'
Club, by Konstantin
Melnikov

28. KONSTANTIN MELNICOV
• One of the first prominent constructivist architects to emerge in Moscow
was Konstantin Melnikov (1928)
• during the industrialization lots of constructivist buildings were erected in provincial cities.
MOSCOW and LENINGRAD

29. American modernism (1919 – 1939)
Frank Lloyd Wright
His philosophy :
He believed in designing structures that were in
harmony with humanity and its environment , a
philosophy he called organic architecture
Born : US 1867
Falling water,
Pittsburgh, USA
1935
Ennis house , los
angelas, 1924

30. Rudolph schindler
Lovell beach house in Newport beach (1926)
Richard neutral
Lovell house, los angeles, California (1927,29)

31. Art deco (1919- 1939) Art deco, france
Art Deco was a direct
response aesthetically and
philosophically to the Art
Nouveau style and to the
broader cultural phenomenon
of modernism.
• The French
government
launched the art
moment in an
exhibition held in
paris.
machine-age streamlining and sleek geometry.
The grand rex movie theatre, paris,
1932 by
Augusta bluysen.
LA samaribaine, paris, 1925 -
28 by henry sauvage.
Notable people:
• henry sauvage
• Augusta bluysen.
Nebraska State Capitol Building of
1919 by Bertrand Goodhue’s

32. CHARACTERISTIC
AND MATERILAS
• Simple,(like Machine-
made Objects)
• Planarity,
• Symmetry
• Unvaried Repetition
Of Elements
• Clean Shapes,
• Ornament That Is
Geometric
American art deco.
General electric building
1933 by cross and cross.
American
readiator building,
NY, 1924, by
Raymond hood. Chrysler building, NY, 1928-30, by William vanalen.
Notable people.
• William vanalen.
• Raymond hood
• Erich Mendelsohn.
• Joseph urban.

33. Streamline Modern Style (1933-1939)
• Streamline modern or art modern
o late type of the art deco architecture emerged in
the 1930s.
• Streamline modern was
o reaction to art deco
o a reflection of austere economic times, i.e sharp
angles were replaced with simple aerodynamic
curves.
• cement and glass.
• Streamline style can be contrasted with
functionalism .
Notable people.
Raymond Loewy,
Walter Dorwin Teague,
Gilbert Rohde,
Norman Bel Geddes.
Daily Express
Building,
Manchester
UK, 1939
The San
Francisco
Maritime
Museum,
originally was a
public bath
house (1936)

34. Characteristics of Streamline Moderne
• Horizontal emphasis and orientation
• Asymmetrical facades
• White is predominant color
• Rounded edges
• Corner windows
• Stringcourse along coping of wall
• Flat roofs
• Curved canopies
• Smooth wall finish
• More utilitarian and functional
metals like aluminum, chrome, and
stainless steel used for door and
window trim, railings, and balusters
• References to the sea/the ocean:
curves, horizontal vectors and lines,
and light blue finishes like aquamarine,
azure, baby blue, cyan, teal, and
turquoise
Long Beach Main Post Office (1933–34)
By Louis a simon
The Normandie Hotel, in San Juan, by Puerto Rico
The Pan Pacific Auditorium, Los Angeles,
by Wurdeman & Becket, 1935.

36. The New York World’s Fair - 1939
• Second most expansive American world’s fair of all time.
• The NWYF was the first exposition to be based on the future, with opening slogan of “Dawn of a
New Day” and theme of “ The World of Tomorrow.
It was a futuristic city inspired by
o the huge geometrical shapes,
o sweeping curves,
o plenty of glass and chromium and
o gleaming white walls.
• The fair showed the transition of the building from
streamlined modern style of art deco to new-rising international style,
from which it was highly influenced.

37. • The symbol of the NYWF: The Trylon and
Perisphere.
• Designed by Wallace Harrison
• The inside of the Perisphere has its own model city of the
future.
• The perisphere has the diameter of 180 feet.
• The trylon is 610 feet tall
• The helicline is 950 feet long spiral ramp that partially
encircle the perisphere.

38. The Pavilion of Sweden by Swen
Markelius
General Motors Pavilion by Norman Bel
Geddes

39. The Carrier Air Conditioning Building
Pavilion of the ford motor company

40. NAZI ARCHITECTURE(1933-1945)
RISE OF NATIONALISM-1930
RELECTED:
FACIST ARCHITECTURE OF ITaLY
NAZI ARCHITECTURE OF GERMANY
PROMOTED BY THE
THIRD REICH
CHARACTERIZED:-
(1) STRIPPED-DOWN NEOCLASSICAL
(2) VERNACULAR STYLE:
INSPIRATION FROM TRADITIONAL RURAL
ARCHITECTURE
(3) UTILITARIAN STYLE:
MAJOR INFRASTUCTURE PROJECTS
INDUSTRIAL OR MILATERY COMPLEX
EXPRESS POWER AND GRANDER
ALBERT SPEER
WELTHAUPTSTADT GERMANIA:GERMANY
CAPITAL BERLIN

41. 1937 PARIS INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION
END OF THE ART DECO
PRE WAR STYLES:-
• MID/HIGH RISE APARTMENT BUILDINGS
• SPACIOUSNESS,DETAILING,HARDWOOD FLOORING
• APARTMENT HIGHRISE BUILDING PRE WAR GERMEN ARCHITECTURE :-
• NEWYORK SURROUNDING CENTRAL CEMETERY IN SZCZECIN

42. PAVILION
 PAVILIONS OF NAZI GERMANY
•DESIGNED BY ALBERT SPEER.
• GERMAN NEOCLASSICAL STYLE
•TOPPED BY EGLE AND SWASTIKA
•FACED THE PAVILION OF SOVIET UNION
•TOPPED BY ENORMOUS STATUES OF A
WORKER AND PEASANT CARRING A HAMMER
AND SICKLE

43. ITALIAN PAVILION
BY MARCELLO PIACENTINI
REBUILT THE UNIVERSITY OF ROME.
PLANNED A GRAND RECONSTRUCTION OF
ROME ON THE FASCIST MODEL
PAVILION OF THE SECOND
SPANISH REPUBLIC
BY JOSEP LLUIS SERT
GLASS AND STEEL BOX
MOST MORDENIST WORK OF THE
EXPOSITION.

44. World war II
• Rise of Germany as a
military force and a
powerful nation against
the allied powers.

45. References:
http://www.theartstory.org/section_movements.htm?period[]=interwar_modern_art&genre[]=archit
ecture_art
https://www.slideshare.net/tclowers/modern-architecture-11352152
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecture#The_Birth_of_the_skyscraper
https://www.mapsofworld.com/world-war-i/causes.html
http://sites.middlebury.edu/global60s/keywordsclarifications/dada-dadaism/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionist_architecture#Expressionist_architects_of_the_1920s
http://www.theartstory.org/movement-expressionism-artworks.htm#pnt_4
http://www.theartstory.org/movement-expressionism.htm