2. The Industrial Revolution
• The Industrial Revolution was a period from 1750 to 1850 where changes in agriculture,
manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social,
economic and cultural conditions of the times. It began in the United Kingdom, then
subsequently spread throughout Western Europe, North America, Japan, and eventually the
rest of the world
• The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history; almost every aspect of daily
life was influenced in some way. Most notably, average income and population began to
exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. In the two centuries following 1800, the world's
average per capita income increased over tenfold, while the world's population increased
over six fold.In the words of Nobel Prize winner Robert E. Lucas, Jr., "For the first time in
history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo
sustained growth, nothing remotely like this economic behavior has happened before”
6. The Great Exhibition 1851
• The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations or The Great Exhibition, sometimes referred to
as the Crystal Palace Exhibition in reference to the temporary structure in which it was held, was an
international exhibition that took place in Hyde Park London from 1 May to 15 October 1851
• It was the first in a series of worlds fair exhibitions of culture and industry that were to become a popular
19th century feature.
• The great exhibition was organized by Henry Cole and Prince Albert
7.
8.
9. The Arts and Crafts Movement
• Arts and Crafts was an international design movement that flourished between 1860 and 1910, especially
in the second half of that period,[1] continuing its influence until the 1930s.
• It was led by the artist and writer William Morris and Charles Voysey and was inspired by the writings of
John Ruskin and Augustus Pugin.
• It developed first and most fully in the British isles, which spread to Europe and North America. It was
largely a reaction against the impoverished state of the decorative arts at the time and the conditions in
which they were produced.
• It stood for traditional craftsmanship using simple forms of often applied medieval, romantic styles of
decoration.
14. DeutscherWerkbund
• The DeutscherWerkbund was a German association of artists, architects, designers, and industrialists. The
Werkbund was to become an important event in the development of modern architecture and industrial
design, particularly in the later creation of the Bauhaus school of design.
• Its initial purpose was to establish a partnership of product manufacturers with design professionals to
improve the competitiveness of German companies in global markets. The Werkbund was less an artistic
movement than a state-sponsored effort to integrate traditional crafts and industrial mass-production
techniques, to put Germany on a competitive footing with England and the United States. Its motto Vom
Sofakissen zum Städtebau (from sofa cushions to city-building) indicates its range of interest.
18. The Bauhaus
• Bauhaus, was a school in Germany that combined crafts and the fine arts, and was famous for the
approach to design that it publicized and taught. It operated from 1919 to 1933. At that time the
German term Bauhaus, literally "house of construction” stood for "School of Building".The Bauhaus
school was founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar. In spite of its name, and the fact that its founder
was an architect, the Bauhaus did not have an architecture department during the first years of its
existence. Nonetheless it was founded with the idea of creating a 'total' work of art in which all
arts, including architecture would eventually be brought together. The Bauhaus style became one
of the most influential currents in Modernist architecture and modern design.
• The Bauhaus had a profound influence upon subsequent developments in art, architecture, graphic
design, interior design, industrial design, and typography.The school existed in three German cities
(Weimar from 1919 to 1925, Dessau from 1925 to 1932 and Berlin from 1932 to 1933), under three
different architect-directors: Walter Gropius from 1919 to 1928, Hannes Meyer from 1928 to 1930
and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe from 1930 until 1933, when the school was closed by its own
leadership under pressure from the Nazi regime.
• The changes of venue and leadership resulted in a constant shifting of focus, technique, instructors,
and politics. For instance: the pottery shop was discontinued when the school moved from Weimar
to Dessau, even though it had been an important revenue source; when Mies van der Rohe took
over the school in 1930, he transformed it into a private school, and would not allow any
supporters of Hannes Meyer to attend it.
21. GiacomoBalla
• GiacomoBalla adopted the Futurism style, creating a pictorial depiction of light, movement and speed. He
was signatory to the Futurist Manifesto in 1910 and began designing and painting Futurist furniture and
also created Futurist "antineutral" clothing.
• He also taught Umberto Boccioni. In painting, his new style is demonstrated in the 1912 work titled
Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash. Seen here, is his 1914 work titled Abstract Speed and sound. In 1914, he
also began sculpting and the following year created perhaps his best known sculpture called Boccioni's
Fist.
24. Fin de siecle
• Fin de siècle is French for "end of the century”. The term sometimes encompasses both the closing and
onset of an era, as it was felt to be a period of degeneration, but at the same time a period of hope for a
new beginning. The "spirit" of fin de siecle often refers to the boredom, cynicism, pessimism and the
widespread belief that civilization leads to decadence, that were recognized as prominent in the 1880s
and 1890s.
• “Fin de siècle” is most commonly associated with French artists, especially the French symbolists, and was
affected by the cultural awareness characteristic of France at the end of the 19th century. However, the
expression is also used to refer to a European-wide cultural movement.The ideas and concerns of the fin
de siècle influenced the decades to follow and played an important role in the birth of modernism
27. Belle Époque
• The Belle Époque or La Belle Époque (French pronunciation: [bɛlepɔk]; French for "Beautiful Era") was a
period in French history that is conventionally dated as starting in 1890 and ending when World War I
began in 1914.
• Occurring during the era of the Third French Republic, it was a period characterized by optimism, peace at
home and in Europe, new technology and scientific discoveries. The peace and prosperity in Paris allowed
the arts to flourish, and many masterpieces of literature, music, theater, and visual art gained recognition.
The Belle Époque was named, in retrospect, when it began to be considered a "golden age" in contrast to
the horrors of World War I.
• In the newly rich United States, emerging from the Panic of 1873, the comparable epoch was dubbed the
Gilded Age. In the United Kingdom, the Belle Époque overlapped with the late Victorian era and the
Edwardian era, and in Germany, the Belle Époque coincided with the reign of Kaiser Wilhelm II.
