About software, hardware ,firmware and addressing

1. CITY UNIVERSITY
Faculty of Science and Engineering
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Spring 2021
CSE 317 Computer Network
Software, Hardware, Firmware, Addressing
Submitted To
Pranab Bandhu Nath
Senior Lecturer
Department of CSE
City University
Submitted By
Najmul Islam
1834902556

2. Hardware
Computer hardware refers to the physical parts of a computer and related
devices. Internal hardware devices include motherboards, hard drives,
and RAM. External hardware devices include monitors, keyboards, mice,
printers, and scanners. Computer hardware provide support for major
functions such as input, processing (internal storage, computation and
control), output, secondary storage (for data and programs), and
communication.
The main components are the following
 CPU (Central Processing Unit)
 Motherboard
 RAM (Random Access Memory)
 HDD/SSD (Hard Disk Drive/Solid State Drive)
 PSU (Power Supply Unit)
 GPU (Graphics Processing Unit)
 Computer Monitor
 Optical Drive CD
Software
Software is the programs and routines for a computer or the program material
for an electronic device which make it run. Software, instructions that tell a
computer what to do. Software comprises the entire set of programs,
procedures, and routines associated with the operation of a computer system.
A set of instructions that directs a computer's hardware to perform a task is
called a program, or software program.
There are two types of software −
 System Software
 Application Software

3. System Software
The system software is a collection of programs designed to operate, control,
and extend the processing capabilities of the computer itself. System software
is generally prepared by the computer manufacturers. These software products
comprise of programs written in low-level languages, which interact with the
hardware at a very basic level. System software serves as the interface
between the hardware and the end users.
Examples of system software:
Operating System, Compilers, Interpreter, Assemblers, etc.
Application Software
Application software products are designed to satisfy a particular need of a
particular environment. All software applications prepared in the computer
lab can come under the category of Application software.
Application software may consist of a single program, such as Microsoft's
notepad for writing and editing a simple text. It may also consist of a collection
of programs, often called a software package, which work together to
accomplish a task, such as a spreadsheet package.
Examples of Application software:
Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Power Point, Payroll Software,
Student Record Software.
Firmware
Firmware refers to software that has been permanently installed in a machine,
device, or microchip, usually by the manufacturer. Without it, the electronic
device will not be able to work. Unlike standard software, firmware is meant
to control, operate, or maintain the hardware in the background, and not
interact with human users. Firmware is a software program or set of
instructions programmed on a hardware device. It provides the necessary
instructions for how the device communicates. It is a small piece of software

4. that makes hardware work as its manufacturer intended it to. It consists of
programs written by software.
There are Three types of Firmware :
 Low-level firmware: Stored on nonvolatile memory chips like read-
only memory (ROM). As such, it cannot be rewritten or updated and is
considered an intrinsic part of the hardware.
 High-level firmware: Used with flash memory chips to allow for
updates. It often has more complex instructions than low-level
firmware, making it closer to software than hardware.
 Subsystem: A device or unit that is a semi-independent part of a larger
system. It has embedded microcode like high-level firmware and so
often resembles the system.
Addressing
A network address is an identifier for a node or host on a
telecommunications network. Network addresses are designed to be unique
identifiers across the network, although some networks allow for local,
private addresses, or locally administered addresses that may not be unique.
There are two types of addressing:
1 .Mac Addressing
2 .IP Addressing
Mac Addressing
Media Access Control Address," and no, it is not related Apple Macintosh
computers. A MAC address is a hardware identification number that uniquely
identifies each device on a network. The MAC address is manufactured into

5. every network card, such as an Ethernet card or Wi-Fi card, and therefore
cannot be changed.
IP Addressing
IP (Internet Protocol) Address is an address of your network hardware. It helps
in connecting your computer to other devices on your network and all over the
world. An IP Address is made up of numbers or characters. All devices that are
connected to an internet connection have a unique IP address which means
there’s a need of billions of IP addresses.
There are two IP versions: IPv4 and IPv6.
IPV4
IPv4 stands for Internet Protocol version 4. It is the underlying technology that
makes it possible for us to connect our devices to the web. IPv4 addresses are
32 bits long (four bytes).
The maximum value of a 32-bit number is 232
, or 4,294,967,296. So the
maximum number of IPv4 addresses. With an IPv4 IP address, there are five
classes of available IP ranges: Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D and Class E,
while only A, B, and C are commonly used.
Class Address range
Class A 1 to 126
Class B 128. to 191
Class C 192 to 223
Class D 224 to 239
Class E 240 to 255
IP range 127 is reserve for loopback IP Address.

6. Ipv6
IP, which provides a vastly expanded address space. Using IPv6, the Internet
will be able to grow to millions of times its current size, in terms of the numbers
of people, devices and objects connected to it1.
There are a few types of IP addresses like private IP addresses, public IP
addresses, static IP addresses and dynamic IP addresses.
Private IP Address
A private IP address is the address of your device connected on the home or
business network. If you have a few different devices connected to one ISP
(Internet Service Provider), then all your devices will have a unique private
IP address. This IP address cannot be accessed from devices outside your
home or business network.
Public IP Address
Your public IP address is the main IP address to which your home or
business network is connected. This IP address connects you to the world,
and it’s unique for all users.
Static and Dynamic IP Addresses
All private and public IP addresses can be either static or dynamic. IP
addresses that you configure manually and fix them to the network of your
device are called static IP addresses. Static IP addresses cannot change
automatically.
Internet Protocol Version 6 is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol.
It is the sixth revision to the Internet Protocol and the successor to IPv4. It

7. functions similarly to IPv4 in that it provides the unique IP addresses necessary
for Internet-enabled devices to communicate. IPv6 is the “next generation” of