The document discusses several topics related to computer networking: 1. Networking software helps administrators deploy, manage, and monitor networks by providing tools to configure hardware like routers and switches. 2. Software-defined networking (SDN) separates the control plane from the forwarding plane, with an application layer defining policies, a control layer managing traffic flow, and an infrastructure layer containing physical network components. 3. While system software manages system resources and serves as a platform for applications, application software performs specific user-requested functions and is not required to run the system overall. 4. Network addresses uniquely identify devices, with physical MAC addresses embedded in hardware and logical IP addresses allowing communication across networks.

1. CITY UNIVERSITY
Submitted by
Remon Chandra Howlader
Id:1834902504
Batch:49th
Submitted to
Pranab Bandhu Nath
Department of CSE

2. Network software
Networking software is a foundational element for any network. It helps administrators
deploy, manage, and monitor a network. Traditional networks are made up of
specialized hardware, such as routers and switches, that bundle the networking
software into the solution.
SDN Framework
The Software Defined Networking framework has three layers as depicted in the
following diagram −
 APPLICATION LAYER − SDN applications reside in the Application Layer. The
applications convey their needs for resources and services to the control layer
through APIs.
 CONTROL LAYER − The Network Control Software, bundled into the Network
Operating System, lies in this layer. It provides an abstract view of the underlying
network infrastructure. It receives the requirements of the SDN applications and
relays them to the network components.
 INFRASTRUCTURE LAYER − Also called the Data Plane Layer, this layer
contains the actual network components. The network devices reside in this layer
that shows their network capabilities through the Control to data-Plane Interface.

3. Difference between System Software and Application Software
1.System software is meant to manage the system resources.
2. It serves as the platform to run application software.
3.System software is developed in a low-level language (assembly language for example).
4.System software automatically starts running once the system is turned on and stops when
the system is shut down.
5.A system cannot even start without system software
1.Application software helps perform a specific set of functions for which they have been
designed.
2.Application software is developed in a high-level language such as Java, C++, .net and VB.
3.Application software runs as and when the user requests it.
4.Application software is user specific and it is not needed to run the system on the whole.
5.Application software carries a specific purpose.
6.Some characteristic examples for application software is MS Office, Photoshop and
CorelDraw

4. Difference between Software ,firmware and Hardware
Software:
1.Softwareis the set of user programs running on a system that are designed to be updated often by
those users.
2. Software is the most temporary and malleable.
3.Developing writing instructions a programing language.
4.Ex;Ms word, Excel.
Firmware:
1.Firmware is semi-permanent software running on a system that may or may not be updated often,
and usually require a higher level of skill or effort.
2. Firmware is semi-permanent software that’s tied more directly to the hardware and
updated less often.
3.A basic input /output system chip is a common example of a firmware.
4. Firmware is a program code stored in a hardware devices ,typical in non volatile memory .
Hareware:
1.Hardware is the physical components of a system that the software and firmware run on, and that
are updated least often (if ever).
2. hardware is the physical components that are most permanent.
3.Developed using electronics and other materials.
4.ex;mouse ,monitor,hard disk.

5. Addressing: Network address are designed to be unique identifier across the network.
There are two typing of addressing such that physical and logical. Physical in Operating
System. The basic difference between Logical and physical address is that Logical address is
generated by CPU in perspective of a program whereas the physical address is a location that
exists in the memory unit.
Physical addressing : MAC addressing
Logical addressing: IP addressing
MAC Addressing:
1.MAC address is the physical address, which uniquely identifies each device on a
given network. To make communication between two networked devices, we need
two addresses: IP address and MAC address. It is assigned to the NIC (Network
Interface card) of each device that can be connected to the internet.
2.It stands for Media Access Control, and also known as Physical address,
hardware address, or BIA (Burned In Address).
3.It is globally unique; it means two devices cannot have the same MAC address. It is
represented in a hexadecimal format on each device, such as 00:0a:95:9d:67:16.
4.It is 12-digit, and 48 bits long, out of which the first 24 bits are used
for OUI(Organization Unique Identifier), and 24 bits are for NIC/vendor-specific.
5.It works on the data link layer of the OSI model.
6.It is provided by the device's vendor at the time of manufacturing and embedded in
its NIC, which is ideally cannot be changed.

6. IP address:
IP address is an address having information about how to reach a specific host,
especially outside the LAN. An IP address is a 32 bit unique address having an
address space of 232
.
Generally, there are two notations in which IP address is written, dotted decimal
notation and hexadecimal notation.
The 32 bit IP address is divided into five sub-classes. These are:
 Class A
 Class B
 Class C
 Class D
 Class E