This document discusses language choice and multilingualism. It begins by explaining that in multilingual communities, speakers may choose what language to use depending on factors like who they are speaking to, the setting, topic, and goal of the conversation. It then defines diglossia as a situation where two distinct codes are used for different contexts. It also notes that individuals can be bilingual but societies exhibit diglossia. Finally, it defines multilingualism as the ability to communicate fluently in three or more languages, and describes types of multilingualism like official and de facto multilingualism.
5. Language choice
Language choice is a situation where communities that speak more than
one language can choose which language to speak in. In these multilingual
communities, speakers may choose what language to use based on who
they are speaking to, the setting in which the conversation takes place, the
topic of the conversation, and the function or goal of that conversation. For
example, in these communities, people may find it more appropriate to
speak to their elders or have or an important family conversation in their
first language. Or if a speaker is out in a social setting like a party that is
relaxed and has speakers with different first languages, they might speak in
the host's first language.
7. Diglossia
Diglossia is a term used to describe a situation where you have two distinct
pieces of code with a clean separation of functionality. That is, one code is
used in his one set of situations and the other in an entirely different set.
9. Diglossia with
billiungual
Diglossia is characteristic of speech communities rather than individuals.
Individuals can be bilingual. Societies and communities are diglossy. In
other words, the term Diglosia describes a social or institutionalized
bilingualism, requiring two variants to cover all areas of the community.
12. Multilungualism
The ability to communicate fluently in three or more languages, whether on
an individual or group level is known as multilingualism.
13. Types of
Multilungualism
I. Official multilingualism: the selection of more than two languages to be named official
languages of a given country. For example, French, German, Italian, and Romansh are four
national official languages of Switzerland. However, most Swiss people are monolingual,
mastering only one of the four mentioned languages, so it’s a territorial multilingualism, a language
that spoken in one territory but not in the other.
II. De facto: the existence of more than the official languages selected from a country. It
refers to a society that masters the official languages of its country plus other languages and/or
dialects. For example, Canada is a country of more than French and English being spoken.
Officially, there exist only French and English, but socially there are so many other languages
brought by different ethnic communities and immigrants, like Hebrew, Kayble, Kurdish, Spanish,
Persian, Indian, Chinese, Italian, Arabic, and Portuguese.
14. References
-Ronald Wardhaugh, 2015. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics.
(Pages : 90, 92, 93)
-Janet Holmes, 2017. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. (Pages: 19-34)
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