This Presentation is about clash of civilisation

2. Group Members
1. Hafiz Usman Liaqat
2. Fahid Muneer
3. Muhammad Asim

6. About the author…
 Samuel Phillips Huntington (April 18, 1927
– December 24, 2008) was an influential
American conservative political scientist,
adviser and academic. He spent more than
half a century at Harvard University, where he
was director of Harvard's Center for
International Affairs and the Albert J.
Weatherhead III University Professor. During
the Carter administration, Huntington was
theWhite House Coordinator of Security
Planning for the National Security Council. He
is most well-known by his 1993 theory, The
Clash of Civilizations, of a post-Cold War new
world order. He argued that future wars would
be fought not between countries, but between
cultures, and that Islamic extremism would
become the biggest threat to Western world
domination. Huntington is credited with
helping to shape U.S. views on civilian-
military relations, political development, and
comparative government

7.  During 1993, Huntington provoked
great debate among international
relations theorists with the
interrogatively-titled "The Clash of
Civilizations?", an influential, oft-cited
article published in Foreign
Affairs magazine. In the article, he
argued that, after the fall of the Soviet
Union, Islam would become the biggest
obstacle to Western domination of the
world. The next West's big war
therefore, he said, would inevitably be
with Islam. [13] Its description of post-
Cold War geopolitics and the
"inevitability of instability" contrasted
with the influential End of
History thesis advocated by Francis
Fukuyama.

8.  Huntington expanded "The Clash
of Civilizations?" to book length
and published it as The Clash of
Civilizations and the Remaking of
World Order in 1996. The article
and the book posit that post-Cold
War conflict would most frequently
and violently occur because of
cultural rather than ideological
differences. That, whilst in the Cold
War, conflict occurred between the
Capitalist West and the Communist
Block.

9.  Samuel P. Huntington • “It is my
hypothesis that the fundamental
source of conflict in this new world
will not be primarily ideological or
primarily economic. The great
divisions among humankind and the
dominating source of conflict will be
cultural. Nation states will remain the
most powerful actors in world affairs,
but the principal conflicts of global
politics will occur between nations
and groups of different civilizations.
The clash of civilizations will
dominate global politics. The fault
lines between civilizations will be the
battle lines of the future.” (The Clash
of Civilizations, Foreign Affairs, 1993
Summer).

10. •“Major Civilizations”
 1. Western 2. Latin American
 3. Orthodox 4. Eastern World
 5. Muslim 6. Sub-Sahara Africa .
 Huntington’s Clash of Civilization
•Western civilization, comprising the
United States and Canada, Western
and Central Europe, Australia and
Oceania.
 Latin American. Central America,
South America (excluding Guyana,
Suriname and French Guiana), Cuba,
the Dominican Republic, and Mexico. •
May be considered a part of Western
civilization. • Many people of the
Southern Cone see themselves as full
members of the Western civilization

11.  Rey Ty Huntington’s Clash of Civilization .
The Orthodox world of the former Soviet
Union, the former Yugoslavia (except Croatia
and Slovenia), Bulgaria, Cyprus, Greece and
Romania. • Countries with non-Orthodox
majority are usually excluded (Shia Muslim
Azerbaijan, Sunni Muslim Albania and most
of Central Asia, Roman Catholic Slovenia
and Croatia, Protestant and Catholic Baltic
states), still Armenia (where Armenian
Apostolic Church is a part of Oriental
Orthodoxy rather than Eastern Orthodox
Church) is included.
 The Eastern world is the mix of the
Buddhist, Chinese, Hindu, and Japonic
civilizations.
 The Buddhist areas of Bhutan, Cambodia,
Laos, Mongolia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and
Thailand are identified as separate from
other civilizations, but Huntington believes
that they do not constitute a major
civilization in the sense of international
affairs.
 The Sinic civilization of China, the Koreas,
Singapore, Taiwan, and Vietnam. •Includes
the Chinese diaspora, especially in
Southeast Asia.

12.  Hindu civilization, in India, Bhutan and Nepal, and
culturally adhered to by the global Indian diaspora.
 Japan is a hybrid of Chinese civilization & older Altaic
patterns.
 The Muslim world of the Greater Middle East
(excluding Armenia, Cyprus, Ethiopia, Georgia, Israel,
Malta and South Sudan), northern West Africa, Albania,
Bangladesh, Brunei, Comoros, Indonesia, Malaysia,
southern Philippines, Pakistan, and Maldives.
 The civilization of Sub-Saharan Africa located in
Southern Africa, Middle Africa (excluding Chad), East
Africa (excluding Ethiopia, Comoros, Kenya, Mauritius,
and Tanzania), Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana,
Liberia etc.
 Instead of belonging to one of the "major"
civilizations, Ethiopia and Haiti are labeled as "Lone"
countries. Israel could be considered a unique state
with its own civilization, Huntington writes, but one
which is extremely similar to the West. Huntington also
believes that the Anglophone Caribbean, former British
colonies in the Caribbean, constitutes a distinct entity.

13.  There are also others which are considered
"cleft countries" because they contain very
large groups of people identifying with
separate civilizations. 1. India ("cleft"
between its Hindu majority and large Muslim
minority), 2. Ukraine ("cleft" between its
Eastern Rite Catholic-dominated western
section and its Orthodox-dominated east), 3.
France (cleft between Latin America, in the
case of French Guiana; and the West),
Benin, Chad, Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania, and
Togo (all cleft between Islam and Sub-
Saharan Africa), Guyana and Suriname (cleft
between Hindu and Sub- Saharan African), 4.
China (cleft between Sinic, Buddhist, in the
case of Tibet; and the West, in the case of
Hong Kong and Macau), and the 5.
Philippines (cleft between Islam, in the case
of Mindanao; Sinic, and the West). .Sudan
was also included as "cleft" between Islam
and Sub-Saharan Africa; this division
became a formal split in July 2011 following
a vote for independence by South Sudan in a
January 2011 referendum.
 •Russia and India are 'swing civilizations'
and may favor either side. Russia, for
example, clashes with the many Muslim
ethnic groups on its southern border (such
as Chechnya) but—according to
Huntington—cooperates with Iran to avoid
further Muslim-Orthodox violence in
Southern Russia, and to help continue the
flow of oil. • A "Sino-Islamic connection" is
emerging in which China will cooperate
more closely with Iran, Pakistan, and other
states to augment its international position.

14.  Civilizational conflicts are "particularly
prevalent between Muslims and non-Muslims",
identifying the "bloody borders" between
Islamic and non-Islamic civilizations, dating
back to the initial thrust of Islam into Europe, its
eventual expulsion in the Iberian reconquest
and the attacks of the Ottoman Turks on Eastern
Europe and Vienna.
 Conflict between Christianity and Islam are due
to: 1. Missionary religions, seeking conversion
of others. 2. Universal, "all-or-nothing" religions;
both sides that only their faith is the correct one.
3. Teleological religions: their values and beliefs
represent the goals of existence and purpose in
human existence. 4. Religions that perceive
irreligious people who violate the base
principles of those religions to be furthering
their own pointless aims, which leads to violent
interactions.
 More recent factors are 1. the Islamic
Resurgence and 2. demographic explosion in
Islam, coupled with 3. the values of Western
universalism —that is, the view that all
civilizations should adopt Western values —
that infuriate Islamic fundamentalists. •All these
combined lead to a bloody clash between the
Islamic and Western civilizations.

15.  Why Civilizations will Clash 1. Differences
among civilizations are too basic: history,
language, culture, tradition, & religion; product
of centuries, so they will not soon disappear. 2.
The world is becoming a smaller place.
Interactions across the world are increasing, and
they intensify civilization consciousness and
awareness of differences between civilizations
and commonalities within civilizations. 3. Due to
the economic modernization and social change,
people are separated from longstanding local
identities. Instead, religion has replaced this gap,
which provides a basis for identity and
commitment that transcends national boundaries
and unites civilizations. 4. The growth of
civilization-consciousness is enhanced by the
dual role of the West. On the one hand, the West
is at a peak of power. At the same time, a return-
to-the-roots phenomenon is occurring among
non-Western civilizations. A West at the peak of
its power confronts non- Western countries that
increasingly have the desire, the will and the
resources to shape the world in non-Western
ways. 5. Cultural characteristics and differences
are less mutable and hence less easily
compromised and resolved than political and
economic ones. 6. Economic regionalism is
increasing. Successful economic regionalism
will reinforce civilization-consciousness.
Economic regionalism may succeed only when it
is rooted in a common civilization.

16.  What the Rest can do versus the West 1. Isolation 2.
Bandwagon 3. Balance Huntington’s Clash of
Civilization Conflicts Core State Fault Line
 Fault line conflicts are on a local level and occur
between adjacent states belonging to different
civilizations or within states that are home to
populations from different civilizations.
 Core state conflicts are on a global level between the
major states of different civilizations. Core state
conflicts can arise out of fault line conflicts when core
states become involved. SOURCE: Huntington, Samuel
P. (2002) [1997]. "Chapter 9: The Global Politics of
Civilizations". The Clash of Civilizations and the
Remaking of World Order .
 Causes of Conflicts 1. relative influence or power
(military or economic), 2. discrimination against people
from a different civilization, 3. intervention to protect
kinsmen in a different civilization, or 4. different values
and culture, particularly when one civilization attempts
to impose its values on people of a different
civilization.
 Causes of Conflict Power Discrimination Intervention
Different Values & Cultures
 Torn States Turkey Mexico Russia Australia
 Countries that are seeking to affiliate with another
civilization as "torn countries." • Turkey, whose
political leadership has systematically tried to
Westernize the country since the 1920s, is his chief
example. Turkey's history, culture, and traditions are
derived from Islamic civilization, but Turkey's elite,
beginning with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk who took power
as first President of the Republic of Turkey in 1923,
imposed western institutions and dress, embraced the
Latin alphabet, joined NATO, and is seeking to join the
European Union.

17.  Mexico and Russia are torn.
Australia is torn between its
Western civilizational heritage
and its growing economic
engagement with Asia.
 Requirements for the Success of
a Torn State 1. political and
economic elite must support the
move 2. the public must be
willing to accept the redefinition.
3. the elites of the civilization that
the torn country is trying to join
must accept the country.

18. Criticism…
 Amartya Sen said: "diversity is a feature of most cultures
in the world. Western civilization is no exception. The
practice of democracy that has won out in the modern
West is largely a result of a consensus that has emerged
since the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution,
and particularly in the last century or so. To read in this a
historical commitment of the West—over the millennia—
to democracy, and then to contrast it with non-Western
traditions (treating each as monolithic) would be a great
mistake" (p. 16). SOURCE: Sen A (1999). "Democracy as a
Universal Value". Journal of Democracy 10 (3): 3–17.
doi:10.1353/jod.1999.0055.
http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/07/24/article-2376836-
1AFA1CF9000005DC-569_306x423.jpg
 Paul Berman (2003) said: 1. Problem is not clash of
“civilizations.” 2. U.S. & Saudi are good friends, no clash.
Many Islamic extremists study in the U.S. 3. Problem is
difference in philosophical beliefs SOURCE: Berman,
Paul (2003). Terror and Liberalism. W W Norton &
Company. ISBN 0-393-05775-5.
 Edward Said (2001) said: 1. Clash of Ignorance! 2.
Civilizations are not fixed 3. Dynamic interdependence &
interaction 4. (2004): “"the purest invidious racism, a sort
of parody of Hitlerian science directed today against
Arabs and Muslims" (p. 293) SOURCES: Said, E. (2001
October). The Clash of Ignorance. The Nation. Said, E. W.
(2004). From Oslo to Iraq and the Road Map. New York:
Pantheon, 2004.
http://www.warscapes.com/sites/default/files/edward_said
_19 99_dpa_akg_1.jpg C
 Noam Chomsky said the concept is a new justification
“"for any atrocities that they wanted to carry out", which
was required after the Cold War as the Soviet Union was
no longer a viable threat.” SOURCES: Chomsky. Clash of
civilizations?
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Cho
ms ky.jpg

19. Criticism…  Intermediate Regions have internal (not
external or civilizational) conflict;
political, not cultural domination, e.g.
North Africa and Eurasia. 1. Eurasian
Region between Adriatic Sea & Indus
River: Not Western, Not Eastern,
integrated civilization of Orthodox
Christianity, Sunni Islam, & Shiite Islam,
Alevism, & Judaism. B 2. But Huntington
sees fault line between Orthodox
Christianity & Sunni Islam & therefore as
external clash. 3. Rise of Christianity in
Hellenized Roman Empire 4. Rise of
Islamic Caliphates in Christianized
Roman Empire 5. Rise of Ottoman Rule
in Islamic Caliphates & Christianized
Roman Empire SOURCE: Dimitri Kitsikis, A
Comparative History of Greece and Turkey in the
20th century. In Greek, Συγκριτική Ἱστορία
Ἑλλάδος καί Τουρκίας στόν 20ό αἰῶνα, Athens,
Hestia, 1978. Supplemented 2nd edition: Hestia,
1990. 3rd edition: Hestia, 1998, 357 pp.. In
Turkish, Yırmı Asırda Karşılaştırmalı Türk-Yunan
Tarihi, İstanbul, Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları
Dergisi, II- 8, 1980.

20. Conclusion..  Huntington's article "the Clash of Civilizations?" is an
attempt to explain future patterns of world politics
after the disintegration of Soviet Union and
particularly American role in it. It is an explanation
about new phase in world politics after the end of
cold war. Huntington's article was a response to
Francis Fukuyama's thesis of "End of History" in
which Fukuyama focused on political ideologies as
the main unit of analysis and argued that liberal
democracy might embody the end point of mankind's
ideological standing.
 Huntington's thesis on "The Clash of Civilizations?"
is bold academic flirtation with the concept called
civilization. Presenting civilizations as a unit of
analysis, Huntington has attempted to identify the
differences in civilization as one of the important
sources of the conflicts in the world. In this regard he
is futuristic in his approach. Though he relies heavily
on an article written by the veteran Orientals Bernard
Lewis in 1990, titled as "the Roods of Muslim Rage”
yet his argument is visionary (Said,1994).
 Huntington's article was an academic reply to liberals
who after the end of Cold War politics were of the
view that western values had become the only
remaining ideological alternative for nations in the
post –Cold War World. According to Huntington,
nation states will remain the most powerful actors in
world affairs(Huntington, 1993).There are some
brilliant points and analyses in Huntington’s article.
For example,

21. Conclusion…
 He points out that in the politics of civilizations,
the people and governments of non-western
civilizations will no longer remain the objects of
history as targets of western colonialism but join
the west as movers and shapers of history
(Huntington,1993).
 After September 11, 2001, international
community has witnessed a lot of debates about
Huntington’s thesis regarding possible clash
between Islam and the West. Muslim world
especially has not liked Huntington’s thesis that
a confrontation is on the horizon between the
West and Islam (Mazuri, 2006).
 Though Huntington has presented a notion what
he called "civilization identity” yet he has argued
for "co-existence of Civilization" when he rightly
says that "there will be no universal Civilization,
but instead of a world of different civilization,
each of which will have to learn to co- exist with
others"(Huntington, 1993).
 Now, it is the time for intellectuals both western
and Muslims to explain the notions in such a
way that harmonious atmosphere could be
created in the world. To conclude, it can be
stated that dispute some academic weak points,
Huntington's article"the Clash of Civilization?"
has presented some brilliant points for analyses.
His article has started unending debate and
attracted surprise amount of attention and
reaction.