3. To evaluate overall health status and to diagnose, or monitor the
diseases and conditions that affect blood cells, such as anemia,
infection, inflammation, bleeding disorder or cancer, autoimmune
conditions, bone marrow failure
A blood sample drawn from a vein in your arm or a fingerstick or
heelstick (newborns)
As part of a routine medical exam; when you have signs and
symptoms that may be related to a condition that affects blood cells;
at regular intervals to monitor treatment or when you are receiving
treatment known to affect blood cells
4. The complete blood count (CBC) is a test that evaluates the cells
that circulate in blood. Blood consists of three types of cells
suspended in fluid called plasma: white blood cells (WBCs), red
blood cells (RBCs), and platelets (PLTs).
They are produced
and mature primarily
in the bone marrow
and, under normal
circumstances, are
released into the
bloodstream as
needed.
5. RBC (With the help of
hemoglobin) carry oxygen
throughout the body.
They also help carry carbon
dioxide.
RBC count measures the
number of red blood cells in a
volume of blood
Male: 4.5-5.9 million cells/
mcL
◦ Female: 4.1-5.1 million cells/
6. HIGH
cigarette smoking
congenital heart disease
dehydration
renal cell carcinoma, a type of kidney
cancer
pulmonary fibrosis
POLYCYTHEMIA vera, a bone marrow
disease that causes overproduction of
RBCs and is associated with a genetic
mutation
7. Screen for, diagnose, and measure the
severity of anemia (low RBCs,
hemoglobin and hematocrit) or
polycythemia(high RBCs,
hemoglobin and hematocrit)
Monitor the response to treatment of
anemia or polycythemia
Help make decisions about blood
transfusions or other treatments if the
anemia is severe
◦ Male: 13.2-16.6 g/dl
◦ FEMALE: 11.6- 15g/dl
Hemoglobin is the iron-
containing protein found in
all red blood cells (RBCs)
that gives the cells their
characteristic red color.
Hemoglobin enables RBCs
to bind to oxygen in the
lungs and carry it to tissues
and organs throughout the
body.
Hemoglobin
(Hbg) measures the amount
of the hemoglobin molecule
in a volume of blood
8. HIGH
Living at a high altitude
Lung disease (emphysema, COPD)
Cancer
Tobacco smoking
Bone marrow disorders (polycythemia
vera)
Blood doping (increasing RBC's by using
certain drugs)
LOW
Nutritional (iron, folic acid, or
vitamin B 12 deficiency
[pernicious anemia])
Gastrointestinal blood loss
(ulcers, colon cancer)
Kidney problems
Blood loss (from trauma or
surgery)
Red Blood cell synthesis
problems (bone marrow
disorders, genetic disorders
such as sickle cell anemia)
Bone marrow suppression
by chemotherapy or radiation
exposure
9. Packed Cell Volume (PCV)
The hematocrit blood test
determines the percentage of red
blood cells (RBC's) in the whole
blood.
males: 42%-54%
women: 38%-46%
Identify and evaluate the severity
of anemia (low RBCs, low
hemoglobin, low hematocrit) or
polycythemia (high RBCs, high
hemoglobin, high hematocrit)
Monitor the response to
treatment of anemia or
polycythemia and other disorders
that affect RBC production or
lifespa
Help make decisions about blood
transfusions or other treatments if
anemia is severe
Evaluate dehydration
10. HIGH
Dehydration (heat exhaustion,
no available source of fluids)
Low availability of oxygen
(smoking, high altitude,
pulmonary fibrosis)
Genetic (congenital heart
diseases)
Erythrocytosis (over-
production of red blood cells by
the bone marrow
or polycythemia vera)
Cor pulmonale (COPD,
chronic sleep apnea, pulmonary
embolisms)
LOW
Bleeding (ulcers, trauma, colon
cancer, internal bleeding)
Destruction of red blood cells (sickle
cell anemia, enlarged spleen)
Decreased production of red blood cells
(bone marrow supression, cancer, drugs)
Nutritional problems (low iron, B 12,
folate and malnutrition)
Overhydration (polydypsia, intravenous
overhydration)
13. Red cell distribution width (RDW) test is a measurement of the range in the
volume and size of your red blood cells (erythrocytes).
◦ RDW-SD: 29-46 fL
◦ RDW-CV: 11.6 – 14.6% (for adults)
1. Normal RDW and Low MCV
It indicate anemia caused by a chronic disease, heterozygous thalassemia
2. Elevated RDW and Low MCV
Sickle cell anemia and iron deficiencies can be indicated
3. Normal RDW and High MCV
Aplastic anemia or chronic liver disease. Use of antivirals, alcohol or chemotherapy
4. Elevated RDW and High MCV
Hemolytic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, or a significant folate or vitamin B12
deficiency, Chronic liver disease
14. White blood cells (WBCs), also called leukocytes, are cells that circulate in the
blood and the lymphatic system that help protect the body against infections.
They are an important part of the body's immune system and also have a role in
inflammation, allergic responses, and protection against cancer.
There are five types of white blood cells, each with different functions.
19. TYPE OF
WBC
FUNCTION NORMAL VALUE
Neutrophil
Helps stop microorganisms in infections by eating
them and destroying them with enzymes
40-80 %
Lymphocyte
–Uses antibodies to stop bacteria or viruses from
entering the body (b-cell lymphocyte)
–kills off the body’s cells if they’ve been
compromised by a virus or cancer cells (t-cell
lymphocyte)
20-40%
Monocyte
Becomes a macrophage in the body’s tissues,
eating microorganisms and getting rid of dead
cells while increasing immune system strength
2-10%
Eosinophil
Helps control inflammation, especially active
during parasite infections and allergic reactions,
stops substances or other foreign materials from
harming the body
1-4%
Basophil
Produces enzymes during asthma attacks and
allergic reactions
0-1%
20. PLT; Platelet Distribution Width; PDW; Mean Platelet Volume; MPV.
PLT are tiny fragments of cells that are essential for normal blood clotting.
They are formed from very large cells called megakaryocytes in the bone marrow
and are released into the blood to circulate. When there is an injury to a blood
vessel or tissue and bleeding begins, platelets help stop bleeding.
◦ PLATELET - 150-350 ×10⁹/L
21. A LOW PLATELET count, also called
THROMBOCYTOPENIA
conditions causing a low platelet count
include:
Viral infections such as mononucleosis,
hepatitis, HIV or measles
Sepsis
Cirrhosis
Aplastic anemia
Long-term bleeding problems (e.g., chronic bleeding from stomach ulcers)
Chemotherapy or radiation therapy, which may affect the bone marrow's
ability to produce platelets
Leukemia, lymphoma, or another cancer that has spread (metastasized) to the
bone marrow
22. A HIGH PLATELET count may be
referred to as THROMBOCYTOSIS.
Cancer, most commonly lung, gastrointestinal, ovarian, breast or lymphoma
Anemia, in particular iron-deficiency anemia and hemolytic anemia
Infectious diseases such as tuberculosis
If an individual has had their spleen removed surgically
Use of birth control pills (oral contraceptives)
