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BALANCE
CAIRAN
Oleh :
Mubtadi Faisol Athobari,S.Kep.,Ns
Fungsi Air dalam Fisiologi Manusia
1. Media semua reaksi kimia tubuh
2. Berperan dalam pengaturan distribusi
kimia & biolistrik dalam sel
3. Alat transport hormon & nutrien
4. Membawa O2 dari paru-paru ke sel
tubuh
5. Membawa CO2 dari sel ke paru-paru
6. Mengencerkan zat toksik dan waste
product serta membawanya ke ginjal
dan hati
7. Distribusi panas ke seluruh tubuh
PROSENTASE TOTAL CAIRAN TUBUH
DIBANDINGKAN BERAT BADAN
Umur Total cairan tubuh (%)
terhadap BB
Bayi BL 77
6 Bulan 72
2 Tahun 60
16 Tahun 60
20-39 Tahun:
Pria/Wanita 60/50
40-59 Tahun:
Pria/Wanita 55/47
BODY FLUID VOLUME
Total body fluid is
60% of body weight
Intracelluler
2/3 (40%)
Plasma
5%
Transcelluler
1-3%
Interstitial
15%
extracelluler
1/3 (20%)
Electrolyte Composition of Body Fluid
Electrolyte Plasma(mEq/L Interstetiel
(mEq/KgH2o)
Intracelluler
(mEq/KgH2o)
Cation:
Na+ 142 145 10
K+ 4 4 159
Ca2+ 5 3 1
Mg2+ 2 2 40
Total 153 154 210
Anion:
Cl- 103 117 3
HCO3- 25 28 7
Protein 17 - 45
Others 8 9 155
Total 153 154 210
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi
Keseimbangan Cairan & Elektrolit
Umur
Suhu lingkungan
Diet
Stres
Penyakit
Tindakan medis
Pengobatan
INTAKE DAN OUTPUT RATA-RATA HARIAN
DARI UNSUR TUBUH YANG UTAMA
Intake (Range) Output (range)
Air minum = 1400 – 1800 ml
Makanan = 700 – 1000 ml
Oksigenasi = 300 – 400 ml
Urine = 1400 – 1.800 ml
Faeces = 100 ml
Kulit = 300 – 500 ml
Nafas = 600 – 800 ml
TOTAL = 2400 - 3200 ml TOTAL = 2400 – 3200 ml
Intake (range) Output (range)
Natrium (mEq) = 70 (50-100)  Urine = 65 (50-100)
 Faeces = 5 (2-20)
Kalium (mEq) = 100 (50-120) Urine = 90 (50-120)
 Faeces = 10 (2-40)
Magnesium (mEq) = 30 (5-60)  Urine = 10 (2-20)
 Faeces = 20 (2-50)
Kalsium (mEq) = 15 (2-50)  Urine = 3(0-10)
 Faeces = 12 (2-30)
Protein (g) = 55 (30-80)
Nitrogen (g) = 8 (4-12)
Kalori = 1800-3000
INSENSIBLE WATER LOSS (IWL)
• Merupakan Kehilangan cairan melalui kulit (difusi) & paru-paru
• Cara mengetahui IWL :
o Dewasa = 15 cc/kg BB/hari
o Anak = (30 – usia (th)) cc/kg BB/hari
o Demam :
(nilai 36,8 °C adalah konstanta)
IWL + 200 (suhu tinggi - 36,8 .°C)
PENGHITUNGAN BALANCE
CAIRAN UNTUK DEWASA
• Input cairan:
Air (makan+Minum) = ......cc
Cairan Infus = ......cc
Terapi injeksi = ......cc
Air Metabolisme = ......cc (Hitung AM= 5
cc/kgBB/hari)
Output cairan:
Urine = ......cc
Feses = .....cc
Muntah/perdarahan/cairan drainage luka/cairan NGT
terbuka = .....cc
IWL = .....cc
GANGGUAN
KESEIMBANGAN CAIRAN
DAN ELEKROLIT
DEHIDRASI
( vol sirkulasi efektif ↓ )
Osmolality plasma ↑
Thirst ↑ ADH ↑
Water ingesti ↑ water exc ↓
Water retensi
Osmolaliti plasma ↓
Vol sirkulasi ↑
DEHIDRASI
• Tubuh kekurangan cairan
• Etiologi kekurangan cairan :
• Melalui sal cerna
• Muntah
• Diare
• perdarahan
• Melalui sal kencing
• Pemakaian diuretik
• Penyakit ginjal
• diabetes
• Melalui kulit
• Luka bakar
• Keringat ↑↑
• Perpindahan keruang dalam badan
• Peritonitis
• Pankreatitis
Perkiraan Jumlah Cairan yg Hilang
( defisit )
1. Sistem skor ( dehidrasi akut, mis GE akut )
2. Pemasangan CUP
3. Ukur kadar Na plasma
defisit cairan = 0,6 X BB {Na plasma _ 1}
140
4. Ukur hematokrit
defisit cairan = 0,2 X BB { Ht _ 1}
Ht N
5. Ukur BJ plasma
REHIDRASI MENURUT DALDIYONO
Gejala klinis Skor
Muntah
Suara serak
Kesadaran apatis
Kesadaran somnolen, sopor sampai koma.
Sistolik ≤ 90 mmHg
Nadi ≥ 120/mnt
Nafas kusmaul ( ˃ 30/mnt )
Turgor kulit kurang
Facies Cholerica
Extremitas dingin
Jari tangan keriput (washer hand)
Sianosis
Umur ≥ 50 thn
Umur ≥ 60 thn
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
-1
- 2
skor x 10 % BB (kg) x 1 liter
15
Gejala dehidrasi :
lesu akral dingin
tek darah ↓ mukosa kering
nadi halus cepat turgor ↓
urin ↓
Pengobatan :
• Sesuai penyakit dasar
• Pemberian cairan oral - parenteral
EDEM
Patogenesis
1. ↑ tekanan darah hidrostatik kapiler
1. Payah jantung
2. Sirosis hati
3. Obstruksi vena lokal
2. ↓ tekanan koloid osmotik plasma ( alb↓ )
1. Sind. Nefrotik
2. Sirosis hepatis
3. Malnutrisi
3. Permeabilitas kapiler ↑
1. Trauma
2. Radang
3. Luka bakar
4. Alergi
4. ↑ tekanan koloid osmotik intertitial
1. Sumbatan sal limfe
Pengobatan
Sesuai penyakit dasar
Simptomatis
1. Diet rendah garam
2. Diuretik
HIPERKALEMIA
Hyperkalaemia
Pseudohyperkalaemia
Haemolysis
Leucocytosis (>50.000/ml)
Thrombocytosis(>1.000.000/ml)
Impaired renal excretion
Renal failure
Drugs:
ACE inhibitors
K-sparing diuretics
NSAIDS
Transcellular shifts
Acidosis
Beta-blockers
Insulin deficiency
Succinylcholine
Rhabdomyolysis
Excess intake
K-supplement
Massive transfusion
DYS-RYTHMIA :
TACHYCARDIA
FIBRILLASI VENTRIKULER
SINUS BRADYCARDIA
SINUS ARREST
RYTHME IDIO-VENTRICULAR LAMBAT
OTOT SKELET:
PARALYSIS/FLACCID PARALYSIS
ARREST PERNAFASAN
ILEUS
MANIFESTASI KLINIK
Table 28-4. Treatment of Hyperkalemia
1 Antagonism of membrane action
A. Calcium
B. Hypertonic Na solution (if hyponatremic)
2. Increased K+ entry into cells
A. Glucose and Insulin
B. NaHCO3
C. β2-adrenergic agonist
D. Hypertonic Na+ solution ( if hyponatremic)
3. Removal of the excess K+
A. Diuretics
B. Cation exchange resin
C. Hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis
Burton Davis Rose: Hyperkalemia, in: Clinical Physiology of Acid-Base Balance And Electolyte
disorders. 4th edit 1994 p.848.
PENGOBATAN
K+ Meninggi ?
Apakah nyata?
Apakah > 6.0 mEq/L atau ada
perubahan EKG
Pasien perlu penurunan K+
darurat.
EKG abnormal ?
Beri kalsium glukonat
Beri insulin dengan glukosa
dan/atau Ventolin
dgn nebulizer
Periksa K+ urine,
osmolailty, kreatinin
K < 6.0 mEq/L?
Ulangi insulin dan glukosa,
pertimbangkan hemodialisis
Beri cation exchange resin atau
furosemide
Lanjutkan dengan
evaluasi
Evaluasi lanjutan dan
terapi jangka panjang
Berhenti
Tidak Ya
Tidak Ya
Tidak Ya
YaTidak
YaTidak
Management of Hyperkalemia
Berhenti
1. Direct membrane antagonism (cardiac
toxicity): IV Ca-gluconas, CaCl2 10% 10 ml,
over 2-5 minute
2. Transcellular shift of K:
a. IV dextrose 50% 50ml + IV 5-10 unit
Regular-Insulin
b. IV Na.Bicarbonate 50-100mEq infused over
5-10 min
3. Enhanced clearance from body
- diuretics: IV frusemide 10-20mg
- haemodialysis/CRRT
- ion exchange resins (Resonium A PO 15g q
8h or enema 30g q8h)
HIPOKALEMI
Etiologi :
1. Tanpa defisit K total tubuh
1. Alkalosis
2. Sekresi insulin yang menetap
2. Dengan defisit K total tubuh
1. Intake ↓, anoreksia
2. Hilang → sal cerna : GE, muntah
ginjal : hiperaldosteron,
loop diuretik
Gejala Klinis :
1. Jantung
1. Aritmia
2. EKG : T datar, gel U, QT lebar
3. Hipotensi : ↓ resistensi perifer
2. Sal cerna : ileus paralitik
3. Ginjal
1. Osmolalitas urin ↓
2. pH urin ↑
4. Endokrin :
1. sekresi aldosteron ↓  eksresi K ↓
2. Gangguan toleransi glukosa ok sekresi
insulin terhambat
DIAGNOSIS
Kalium serum < 3,5 mEq / L
Terapi
 K oral / parenteral
 K parenteral (Replacement rate 10-30
mEq/h diluted in 100-200 NS/D5% (
central vein)) indikasinya :
Hipokalemi barat
Aritmia
Gagal otot nafas
HIPERNATREMIA
Pada hipernatremia, cairan intrasel
→ ekstrasel → sel dehidrasi →
ADH ↑ (kompetensi tubuh) →
haus → intake ↑
ETIOLOGI
Hypernatraemia ([Na]>150mEq/L)
Assess ECF volume
Hypovolaemia Euvolaemia Hypervolaemia
Renal losses
Diuretic
Osmotic diuresis
Diabetes insipidus
Extrarenal losses
Vomiting, diarrhea
Skin, respiratory
Renal losses
Diabetes insipidus
Extrarenal losses
Vomiting, diarrhea
Sweating, respiratory
Iatrogenic
Hypertonic saline or
Na-Bic administration
Cushing Syndrome
Hyperaldosteronism
GEJALA KLINIS
• Twiching
• Lethargi
• Kejang
• Koma
• Kelemahan otot
TERAPI
• Low ECFV : Isotonic saline, then hypotonic fluids IV (<300ml/h) or
PO free water
• High ECFV: loop diuretics, Replace with hypotonic fluids if necessary
• Correction Na level should < 0.5mEq/L/h, or <1.0 mMeq /L/h for
acute hyper Na
• Treat underlying condition e.g Diabetes Inspidus: Desmopressin
• When hypovolemia has been corrected:
Current TBW x current [Na] = normal TBW x normal [Na]
Current TBW = normal TBW x (140/current[Na])
TBW deficit = normal TBW – current TBW
= 0.6 BW (kg) – current TBW
= (0.6xBW)(1 – 140/current [Na
Hyponatraemia (Na < 135 mEq/L)

measure plasma osmolality
 
normal or increased Hypotonic hyponatraemia
 
Pseudohyponatraemia Assess ECF volume
Hypovolaemia Euvolaemia Hypervolaemia
non-renal losses SIADH Oedema states
diarrhea, vomiting hypothyroidism CCF
skin losses adrenal insufficiency renal failure
third spacing psychogenic polydipsia nephrosis
renal losses cirrhosis
diuretics, renal failure
HIPONATREMI
GEJALA KLINIS
Gejala oleh karena edem sel otak, yang
timbul bila hipoosmolalitas dalam plasma
terjadi dengan cepat
Pada kadar Na 120 – 125 : nausea-vomit
110 – 120 : letargi-
cephalgia
< 110 : kejang-koma
• Low ECF
asymptomatic: replace with isotonic saline
symptomatic: replace with hypertonic saline
• Normal ECF
asymptomatic: frusemide diuresis + isotonic saline
symptomatic : frusemide + hypertonic saline
• High ECF
asymptomatic : frusemide diuresis
symptomatic: frusemide diuresis + hypertonic saline
TERAPI
• Pertahankan Na > 120 mEq / L
Kehilangan Na = 0,6 X BB X (140 – Na plasma)
• Hiponatremi yang disertai hipokalemi (mis,GE) →
koreksi kalium saja telah langsung mengoreksi
Na
• Larutan NaCl 3 % (~ 513 mEq/L) diberikan bila
ada gejala edem serebri
Bila gejala edem serebri hilang → cukup berikan
NaCl isotonis
HIPERKALSEMIA
Dapat terjadi pada hiperparatiroidisme,
tumor ganas yg mengeluarkan PTH,
Intoksikasi vitaminD, Intoksikasi vit. A,
Hipertiroid , Insufisiensi adrenal, Milk
Alkali Syndrome
Kalsium
 PTH: from parathyroid
• activate osteoclasts
• enhance intestinal absorption
• increase kidney reabsorption
 most calcium in bones as calcium phosphate
• PO4
- reabsorbed in proximal tubules
• regulated by PTH
HIPOKALSEMIA
• Etiologi dapat terjadi pada defisiensi vitamin D,
makanan kurang lemak, sindrom malabsorbsi
(gastrektomi, pankreatitis, obat pencahar), renal
insufisiensi, gangguan fungsi hati, obat anti kejang,
Hipoparatiroidism, Pseudohipoparatiroidism,
Keganasan, Hipofosfatemia.
• Penatalaksanaan dengan koreksi defisiensi dengan
kalsium iv (Ca.Gluconat/ klorida 10%) atau peroral
(Ca.Gluconas/ karbonat); dapat disertai pemberian
vit.D dosis besar
Hipokalsemia
• Rhythm : regular atrial &
ventricular hythm
• Rate : normal limit
• P wave : normal size &
configuration
• PR interval : normal limit
• QRS complex : normal limit
• Segmen ST : prolonged
• T wave : normal size &
configuration, may become
flat or inverted
• Interval QT : prolonged
Setelah membaca Slide diatas :
1. Sebutkan dan jelaskan 4 jenis cairan infus beserta contoh
cairan dibuktikan dengan gambar
2. Jelaskan dan berikan contoh menghitung tetesan infus
3. Tugas 1 dan 2 dikerjakan dalam bentuk powerpoint dan kirim
ke wa 085236043953
semangat

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Balance cairan

  • 2. Fungsi Air dalam Fisiologi Manusia 1. Media semua reaksi kimia tubuh 2. Berperan dalam pengaturan distribusi kimia & biolistrik dalam sel 3. Alat transport hormon & nutrien 4. Membawa O2 dari paru-paru ke sel tubuh 5. Membawa CO2 dari sel ke paru-paru 6. Mengencerkan zat toksik dan waste product serta membawanya ke ginjal dan hati 7. Distribusi panas ke seluruh tubuh
  • 3. PROSENTASE TOTAL CAIRAN TUBUH DIBANDINGKAN BERAT BADAN Umur Total cairan tubuh (%) terhadap BB Bayi BL 77 6 Bulan 72 2 Tahun 60 16 Tahun 60 20-39 Tahun: Pria/Wanita 60/50 40-59 Tahun: Pria/Wanita 55/47
  • 4. BODY FLUID VOLUME Total body fluid is 60% of body weight Intracelluler 2/3 (40%) Plasma 5% Transcelluler 1-3% Interstitial 15% extracelluler 1/3 (20%)
  • 5. Electrolyte Composition of Body Fluid Electrolyte Plasma(mEq/L Interstetiel (mEq/KgH2o) Intracelluler (mEq/KgH2o) Cation: Na+ 142 145 10 K+ 4 4 159 Ca2+ 5 3 1 Mg2+ 2 2 40 Total 153 154 210 Anion: Cl- 103 117 3 HCO3- 25 28 7 Protein 17 - 45 Others 8 9 155 Total 153 154 210
  • 6. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi Keseimbangan Cairan & Elektrolit Umur Suhu lingkungan Diet Stres Penyakit Tindakan medis Pengobatan
  • 7. INTAKE DAN OUTPUT RATA-RATA HARIAN DARI UNSUR TUBUH YANG UTAMA Intake (Range) Output (range) Air minum = 1400 – 1800 ml Makanan = 700 – 1000 ml Oksigenasi = 300 – 400 ml Urine = 1400 – 1.800 ml Faeces = 100 ml Kulit = 300 – 500 ml Nafas = 600 – 800 ml TOTAL = 2400 - 3200 ml TOTAL = 2400 – 3200 ml
  • 8. Intake (range) Output (range) Natrium (mEq) = 70 (50-100)  Urine = 65 (50-100)  Faeces = 5 (2-20) Kalium (mEq) = 100 (50-120) Urine = 90 (50-120)  Faeces = 10 (2-40) Magnesium (mEq) = 30 (5-60)  Urine = 10 (2-20)  Faeces = 20 (2-50) Kalsium (mEq) = 15 (2-50)  Urine = 3(0-10)  Faeces = 12 (2-30) Protein (g) = 55 (30-80) Nitrogen (g) = 8 (4-12) Kalori = 1800-3000
  • 9. INSENSIBLE WATER LOSS (IWL) • Merupakan Kehilangan cairan melalui kulit (difusi) & paru-paru • Cara mengetahui IWL : o Dewasa = 15 cc/kg BB/hari o Anak = (30 – usia (th)) cc/kg BB/hari o Demam : (nilai 36,8 °C adalah konstanta) IWL + 200 (suhu tinggi - 36,8 .°C)
  • 10. PENGHITUNGAN BALANCE CAIRAN UNTUK DEWASA • Input cairan: Air (makan+Minum) = ......cc Cairan Infus = ......cc Terapi injeksi = ......cc Air Metabolisme = ......cc (Hitung AM= 5 cc/kgBB/hari) Output cairan: Urine = ......cc Feses = .....cc Muntah/perdarahan/cairan drainage luka/cairan NGT terbuka = .....cc IWL = .....cc
  • 12. DEHIDRASI ( vol sirkulasi efektif ↓ ) Osmolality plasma ↑ Thirst ↑ ADH ↑ Water ingesti ↑ water exc ↓ Water retensi Osmolaliti plasma ↓ Vol sirkulasi ↑
  • 13. DEHIDRASI • Tubuh kekurangan cairan • Etiologi kekurangan cairan : • Melalui sal cerna • Muntah • Diare • perdarahan • Melalui sal kencing • Pemakaian diuretik • Penyakit ginjal • diabetes • Melalui kulit • Luka bakar • Keringat ↑↑ • Perpindahan keruang dalam badan • Peritonitis • Pankreatitis
  • 14. Perkiraan Jumlah Cairan yg Hilang ( defisit ) 1. Sistem skor ( dehidrasi akut, mis GE akut ) 2. Pemasangan CUP 3. Ukur kadar Na plasma defisit cairan = 0,6 X BB {Na plasma _ 1} 140 4. Ukur hematokrit defisit cairan = 0,2 X BB { Ht _ 1} Ht N 5. Ukur BJ plasma
  • 15. REHIDRASI MENURUT DALDIYONO Gejala klinis Skor Muntah Suara serak Kesadaran apatis Kesadaran somnolen, sopor sampai koma. Sistolik ≤ 90 mmHg Nadi ≥ 120/mnt Nafas kusmaul ( ˃ 30/mnt ) Turgor kulit kurang Facies Cholerica Extremitas dingin Jari tangan keriput (washer hand) Sianosis Umur ≥ 50 thn Umur ≥ 60 thn 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 -1 - 2 skor x 10 % BB (kg) x 1 liter 15
  • 16. Gejala dehidrasi : lesu akral dingin tek darah ↓ mukosa kering nadi halus cepat turgor ↓ urin ↓ Pengobatan : • Sesuai penyakit dasar • Pemberian cairan oral - parenteral
  • 17. EDEM Patogenesis 1. ↑ tekanan darah hidrostatik kapiler 1. Payah jantung 2. Sirosis hati 3. Obstruksi vena lokal 2. ↓ tekanan koloid osmotik plasma ( alb↓ ) 1. Sind. Nefrotik 2. Sirosis hepatis 3. Malnutrisi 3. Permeabilitas kapiler ↑ 1. Trauma 2. Radang 3. Luka bakar 4. Alergi 4. ↑ tekanan koloid osmotik intertitial 1. Sumbatan sal limfe
  • 19. HIPERKALEMIA Hyperkalaemia Pseudohyperkalaemia Haemolysis Leucocytosis (>50.000/ml) Thrombocytosis(>1.000.000/ml) Impaired renal excretion Renal failure Drugs: ACE inhibitors K-sparing diuretics NSAIDS Transcellular shifts Acidosis Beta-blockers Insulin deficiency Succinylcholine Rhabdomyolysis Excess intake K-supplement Massive transfusion
  • 20. DYS-RYTHMIA : TACHYCARDIA FIBRILLASI VENTRIKULER SINUS BRADYCARDIA SINUS ARREST RYTHME IDIO-VENTRICULAR LAMBAT OTOT SKELET: PARALYSIS/FLACCID PARALYSIS ARREST PERNAFASAN ILEUS MANIFESTASI KLINIK
  • 21.
  • 22. Table 28-4. Treatment of Hyperkalemia 1 Antagonism of membrane action A. Calcium B. Hypertonic Na solution (if hyponatremic) 2. Increased K+ entry into cells A. Glucose and Insulin B. NaHCO3 C. β2-adrenergic agonist D. Hypertonic Na+ solution ( if hyponatremic) 3. Removal of the excess K+ A. Diuretics B. Cation exchange resin C. Hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis Burton Davis Rose: Hyperkalemia, in: Clinical Physiology of Acid-Base Balance And Electolyte disorders. 4th edit 1994 p.848. PENGOBATAN
  • 23. K+ Meninggi ? Apakah nyata? Apakah > 6.0 mEq/L atau ada perubahan EKG Pasien perlu penurunan K+ darurat. EKG abnormal ? Beri kalsium glukonat Beri insulin dengan glukosa dan/atau Ventolin dgn nebulizer Periksa K+ urine, osmolailty, kreatinin K < 6.0 mEq/L? Ulangi insulin dan glukosa, pertimbangkan hemodialisis Beri cation exchange resin atau furosemide Lanjutkan dengan evaluasi Evaluasi lanjutan dan terapi jangka panjang Berhenti Tidak Ya Tidak Ya Tidak Ya YaTidak YaTidak Management of Hyperkalemia Berhenti
  • 24. 1. Direct membrane antagonism (cardiac toxicity): IV Ca-gluconas, CaCl2 10% 10 ml, over 2-5 minute 2. Transcellular shift of K: a. IV dextrose 50% 50ml + IV 5-10 unit Regular-Insulin b. IV Na.Bicarbonate 50-100mEq infused over 5-10 min 3. Enhanced clearance from body - diuretics: IV frusemide 10-20mg - haemodialysis/CRRT - ion exchange resins (Resonium A PO 15g q 8h or enema 30g q8h)
  • 25. HIPOKALEMI Etiologi : 1. Tanpa defisit K total tubuh 1. Alkalosis 2. Sekresi insulin yang menetap 2. Dengan defisit K total tubuh 1. Intake ↓, anoreksia 2. Hilang → sal cerna : GE, muntah ginjal : hiperaldosteron, loop diuretik
  • 26. Gejala Klinis : 1. Jantung 1. Aritmia 2. EKG : T datar, gel U, QT lebar 3. Hipotensi : ↓ resistensi perifer 2. Sal cerna : ileus paralitik 3. Ginjal 1. Osmolalitas urin ↓ 2. pH urin ↑ 4. Endokrin : 1. sekresi aldosteron ↓  eksresi K ↓ 2. Gangguan toleransi glukosa ok sekresi insulin terhambat
  • 27. DIAGNOSIS Kalium serum < 3,5 mEq / L Terapi  K oral / parenteral  K parenteral (Replacement rate 10-30 mEq/h diluted in 100-200 NS/D5% ( central vein)) indikasinya : Hipokalemi barat Aritmia Gagal otot nafas
  • 28. HIPERNATREMIA Pada hipernatremia, cairan intrasel → ekstrasel → sel dehidrasi → ADH ↑ (kompetensi tubuh) → haus → intake ↑
  • 29. ETIOLOGI Hypernatraemia ([Na]>150mEq/L) Assess ECF volume Hypovolaemia Euvolaemia Hypervolaemia Renal losses Diuretic Osmotic diuresis Diabetes insipidus Extrarenal losses Vomiting, diarrhea Skin, respiratory Renal losses Diabetes insipidus Extrarenal losses Vomiting, diarrhea Sweating, respiratory Iatrogenic Hypertonic saline or Na-Bic administration Cushing Syndrome Hyperaldosteronism
  • 30. GEJALA KLINIS • Twiching • Lethargi • Kejang • Koma • Kelemahan otot
  • 31. TERAPI • Low ECFV : Isotonic saline, then hypotonic fluids IV (<300ml/h) or PO free water • High ECFV: loop diuretics, Replace with hypotonic fluids if necessary • Correction Na level should < 0.5mEq/L/h, or <1.0 mMeq /L/h for acute hyper Na • Treat underlying condition e.g Diabetes Inspidus: Desmopressin • When hypovolemia has been corrected: Current TBW x current [Na] = normal TBW x normal [Na] Current TBW = normal TBW x (140/current[Na]) TBW deficit = normal TBW – current TBW = 0.6 BW (kg) – current TBW = (0.6xBW)(1 – 140/current [Na
  • 32.
  • 33. Hyponatraemia (Na < 135 mEq/L)  measure plasma osmolality   normal or increased Hypotonic hyponatraemia   Pseudohyponatraemia Assess ECF volume Hypovolaemia Euvolaemia Hypervolaemia non-renal losses SIADH Oedema states diarrhea, vomiting hypothyroidism CCF skin losses adrenal insufficiency renal failure third spacing psychogenic polydipsia nephrosis renal losses cirrhosis diuretics, renal failure HIPONATREMI
  • 34. GEJALA KLINIS Gejala oleh karena edem sel otak, yang timbul bila hipoosmolalitas dalam plasma terjadi dengan cepat Pada kadar Na 120 – 125 : nausea-vomit 110 – 120 : letargi- cephalgia < 110 : kejang-koma
  • 35. • Low ECF asymptomatic: replace with isotonic saline symptomatic: replace with hypertonic saline • Normal ECF asymptomatic: frusemide diuresis + isotonic saline symptomatic : frusemide + hypertonic saline • High ECF asymptomatic : frusemide diuresis symptomatic: frusemide diuresis + hypertonic saline TERAPI
  • 36. • Pertahankan Na > 120 mEq / L Kehilangan Na = 0,6 X BB X (140 – Na plasma) • Hiponatremi yang disertai hipokalemi (mis,GE) → koreksi kalium saja telah langsung mengoreksi Na • Larutan NaCl 3 % (~ 513 mEq/L) diberikan bila ada gejala edem serebri Bila gejala edem serebri hilang → cukup berikan NaCl isotonis
  • 37. HIPERKALSEMIA Dapat terjadi pada hiperparatiroidisme, tumor ganas yg mengeluarkan PTH, Intoksikasi vitaminD, Intoksikasi vit. A, Hipertiroid , Insufisiensi adrenal, Milk Alkali Syndrome
  • 38. Kalsium  PTH: from parathyroid • activate osteoclasts • enhance intestinal absorption • increase kidney reabsorption  most calcium in bones as calcium phosphate • PO4 - reabsorbed in proximal tubules • regulated by PTH
  • 39. HIPOKALSEMIA • Etiologi dapat terjadi pada defisiensi vitamin D, makanan kurang lemak, sindrom malabsorbsi (gastrektomi, pankreatitis, obat pencahar), renal insufisiensi, gangguan fungsi hati, obat anti kejang, Hipoparatiroidism, Pseudohipoparatiroidism, Keganasan, Hipofosfatemia. • Penatalaksanaan dengan koreksi defisiensi dengan kalsium iv (Ca.Gluconat/ klorida 10%) atau peroral (Ca.Gluconas/ karbonat); dapat disertai pemberian vit.D dosis besar
  • 40. Hipokalsemia • Rhythm : regular atrial & ventricular hythm • Rate : normal limit • P wave : normal size & configuration • PR interval : normal limit • QRS complex : normal limit • Segmen ST : prolonged • T wave : normal size & configuration, may become flat or inverted • Interval QT : prolonged
  • 41. Setelah membaca Slide diatas : 1. Sebutkan dan jelaskan 4 jenis cairan infus beserta contoh cairan dibuktikan dengan gambar 2. Jelaskan dan berikan contoh menghitung tetesan infus 3. Tugas 1 dan 2 dikerjakan dalam bentuk powerpoint dan kirim ke wa 085236043953 semangat