Explore 3 Powerful Muslim Empires of the Early Modern Era
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The three empires - Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal - were large Muslim empires that rose during the post-Mongol era. They were all "gunpowder empires" that utilized new military technologies like cannons. The Ottoman Empire was led by Sunni Muslims and grew powerful after the Mongols. The Safavid Empire in Persia was led by Shia Muslims and rivaled the Ottomans. The Mughal Empire was created by descendants of Turks and Mongols and ruled over most of India with a Muslim minority controlling a Hindu majority. While they competed for power and influence, all three empires featured absolute rulers, slavery, and adaptations of Islam to local cultures.
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Explore 3 Powerful Muslim Empires of the Early Modern Era
- 1. Ottoman, Safavid, & Mughal Empires
- 2. • The Ottomans were Sunni Muslims who gained power after the Mongols left. • They built one of the wealthiest and most powerful Empires of the world at its time.
- 4. • They were all Military Empires & “Gunpowder Empires”
- 5. The Safavid Empire (Persia)was Shia Muslim and a rival of the Ottoman Empire.
- 7. The Mughal Empire was created by descendents of Turks and Mongols who built an empire in which a Muslim minority controlled a Hindu majority.
- 8. Ottoman, Safavid, & Mughal Empires Were all “gunpowder empires”
- 9. Muslim Empires • As Islam spread to new settings in Afro-Eurasia, believers adapted it to local cultural practices. • The split between the Sunni and Shi’a traditions intensified, and Sufi practices became more widespread.
- 10. Similarity in Political Structure… • All had a centralized government with an absolute ruler who had both political and religious authority.
- 11. The rulers had sweet ‘staches!
- 12. • Suleiman, Abbas I, Akbar were the absolute rulers at the height of each empire and were contemporaries.
- 13. But these Islamic empires weren’t necessarily allies… Letter from the Ottoman Sultan to the Safavid ruler (1514) “You have deserted the path of salvation and the sacred commandments. . . The ulama (Islamic judges) have pronounced a sentence of death against you, perjurer and blasphemer.”
- 15. At times they allied with Christian states.
- 17. A similarity in social class structure • Each had Slavery as an institution – nonMuslims were slaves but the status of slaves varied widely Evidence: Concubines of India
- 18. Evidence: the Devshirme system of the Ottoman Empire
- 19. European perspective on Ottoman Empire Source: Olgier de Busbecq, Austrian ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, in an official letter to the Austrian Emperor, 1550. “Just as we were leaving the city, we were met by wagon-loads of wretched Christian slaves who were being led to horrible servitude…Youths and men of advanced age were driven along in herds or else were tied together in chains. I could scarcely restrain my tears in pity for the plight of the Christian population.”
Editor's Notes
- One of the major military victories was the Ottoman capture of Constantinople – which became Istanbul.
- Persian culture, including architecture, had a major influence on other Islamic regions.
- This is from a letter sent from Suleyman to Francis I – King of France. Francis had asked for help in his war with the Holy Roman Emperors alliance. Suleyman made an alliance with France.
- 1599, Abbas sent his first diplomatic mission to Europe to gain allies against the Ottoman Empire. Gaining access to European weapons technology was a priority for Safavids—the Mughals had less to do with Europeans’ politically until later.
- “best and brightest” of European controlled territory went military or bureaucracy or concubines (SLAVES? What’s the interpretation?)
- Compare this with the empire of faith dvd’s version of devishirme.
- REMINDER – these Islamic empires are not the only ones “out there” in the 1500s – they were part of a growing global trade and diplomatic network sandwiched between a growing European power states and a strong China resurging after defeating the Mongols (YUAN).