it is a presentation about bioenergetics.

1. BIOENERGETICS
CC7 ASSIGNMENT
ANJISHNU MUKHOPADHYAY
BTN/20/704

2. INDEX
WHAT IS BIOENERGETICS?
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
OTHER THERMODYNAMIC CONCEPTS
BIOENERGETICS REACTION TYPES
EXERGONIC REACTIONS
ENDERGONIC REACTIONS
ENERGY CURRENCY OF THE CELL
HIGH ENERGY PHOSPHATES
PHOSPHAGENS
MAJOR BIOENERGETIC PROCESSES
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
GLYCOLYSIS
KREB CYCLE AND OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYLATION
ENERGY HOMEOSTASIS
CONCLUSION

3. WHAT IS BIOENERGETICS
• BIOENERGETICS OR BIOCHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS
IS THE STUDY OF ENERGY CHANGES ACCOMPANYING
BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS OR IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM.
• NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH THE FIELD OF BIOENERGY.

4. LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
• FIRST LAW
• THE TOTAL ENERGY OF A SYSTEM IS CONSTANT , INCLUDING ITS
SURROUNDINGS.
• SECOND LAW
• TOTAL ENTROPY OF A SYSTEM MUST INCREASE FOR A SPONTANEOUS
REACTION TO OCCUR. EG: NO ENERGY IS REQUIRED TO DROP THE
THINGS SCATTERED BUT ENERGY IS REQUIRED FOR ARRANGING THE
THINGS FROM A SCATTERED STATUS.

5. OTHER THERMODYNAMIC CONCEPTS
• FREE ENERGY CHANGE (USEFUL ENERGY)
• GIBBS CHANGE IN FREE ENERGY (ΔG )IS THAT PORTION OF THE TOTAL
ENERGY CHANGE IN A SYSTEM AVAILABLE FOR DOING WORK. IT IS ALSO
KNOWN AS THE CHEMICAL POTENTIAL .
ΔG= ΔH - T USEFUL ENERGY = CHANGE IN ENTHALPY – CHANGE IN
ENTROPY
• ENTHALPY
• ENERGY CONTENT
• ENTROPY
• RANDOMNESS OF THE SYSTEM

6. BIOENERGETICS REACTION TYPES
EXERGONIC REACTIONS
AND
ENDERGONIC REACTIONS

7. EXERGONIC REACTIONS
• SPONTANEOUS
REACTION(THERMODYNAMICALLY
FAVOURED)
• ENERGY IS RELEASED
• THE FREE ENERGY CHANGE IS
NEGATIVE
• REACTIONS ARE USUALLY CATABOLIC

8. ENDERGONIC REACTIONS
• NON-SPONTANEOUS
REACTION(THERMODYNAMICALLY
UNFAVOURED).
• ENERGY IS CONSUMED.
• THE FREE ENERGY CHANGE IS
POSITIVE.
• REACTIONS ARE USUALLY ANABOLIC.

9. ENERGY CURRENCY OF THE CELL
ATPADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
• IT IS THE PRIMARY AND UNIVERSAL CARRIER OF
CHEMICAL ENERGY IN THE CELL .
• TERMINAL (ALPHA) PHOSPHATE GROUP OF ATP ON
HYDROLYSIS YIELDS - 7.3 KCL/MOL
• ATP ADP + PI -7.3 KCAL/MOL

10. HIGH ENERGY PHOSPHATES
 THE PHOSPHATE COMPOUNDS WHOSE ΔG VALUES HIGHER
THAN THAT OF ATP, THEY ARE CALLED HIGH ENERGY
PHOSPHATES
• EG. PHOSPHOENOL PYRUVATE,CREATINE PHOSPHATE
 THE PHOSPHATES WHOSE ΔG VALUES LOWER THAN THAT
OF ATP ARE LOW ENERGY COMPOUNDS
• EG. ADP ,GLUCOSE 1- PHOSPHATE

11. PHOSPHAGENS
• THEY ARE STORAGE FORMS OF HIGH ENERGY PHOSPHATES.
EG:
o CREATINE PHOSPHATE IN VERTEBRATE MUSCLE
o ARGININE PHOSPHATE IN INVERTEBRATE MUSCLE
o ATP + CREATINE ADP + CREATINE PHOSPHATE

12. MAJOR BIOENERGETIC PROCESSES
• PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• GLYCOLYSIS
• OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

13. • THOUGH SOME REACTIONS ARE
EXERGONIC, THE OVERALL REACTION IS
ENDERGONIC
• SOURCE OF ENERGY-SUNLIGHT
• FINAL PRODUCT-GLUCOSE
• TOTAL ENERGY USED-50KCAL/E
• EFFICIENCY-34%
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

14. • THOUGH SOME REACTIONS ARE
ENDERGONIC, THE OVERALL REACTION IS
EXERGONIC
• SOURCE OF ENERGY-GLUCOSE MOLECULE
• FINAL PRODUCT-PYRUVATE
• TOTAL ENERGY RELEASED-2
ATP(7.3KCAL/MOL)
• EFFICIENCY-2%
GLYCOLYSIS

15. • THOUGH SOME REACTIONS ARE ENDERGONIC,
THE OVERALL REACTION IS EXERGONIC
• SOURCE OF ENERGY-PYRUVATE
• FINAL PRODUCT-OXYGEN AND WATER
• TOTAL ENERGY RELEASED- 28 TO 30 ATP(204.4-
219 KCAL/MOL)
• EFFICIENCY- 40 TO 41%
KREB CYCLE AND OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYLATION

16. ENERGY HOMEOSTASIS
• BIOLOGICAL PROCESS TO COORDINATE ENERGY PRESENT IN
BODY
• ENERGY INFLOW AND ENERGY EXPENDITURE ARE
REGULATED
• METABOLISM CONTROL AND HORMONAL CONTROL OF
HUNGER(AND FOOD INTAKE)

17. CONCLUSION
• TO BE STUDIED
• TO UNDERSTAND METABOLISM PROCESSES
• TO THERMODYNAMICALLY CALCULATE ACCURATE ENERGY
VALUES
• TO EMULATE BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
• TO ACHIEVE THE HIGH EFFICIENCY OF BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES.