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A comparative assessment of intranasal and oral
1. R 2 . M O H A M M A D
A Comparative Assessment of Intranasal and Oral
Dexmedetomidine for Procedural Sedation in
Pediatric Dental Patients
2. Introduction
• Fear and pain are the most powerful influences affecting attitude
toward use of dental services.
• Management of anxiety and unwanted mobility in children during
dental treatment has markedly reduced after the introduction of
procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA).
• A variety of drugs and various routes of administration (oral,
transmucosal, rectal. etc.) each of them having their own pros and cons.
3. Introduction
Oral Route
• The Most preferred route of drug administration as it is safe,
convenient, cost-effective, universally acceptable, easy to administer,
needleless, and with no requirement of specialized training.
Disadvantages have also been reported for this route such as bad
taste, gastric irritation, and varied bioavailability due to well-known
factors .
To overcome these disadvantages, intranasal route has been considered
as an effective alternative.
4. Introduction
Intranasal Route
• It is relatively easy, noninvasive, has rapid onset of action due to rich
blood supply of nasal mucosa and bypassing of first-pass hepatic
metabolism.
• Many studies have reported that intranasal route is an effective route
to administer premedication and sedation to pediatric patients.
Dexmedetomidine
Newer drug, approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1999,
to be used in humans for short-term sedation in the ICU.
It is a highly selective α2-agonist which has both sedatives as well as
analgesic properties and is devoid of respiratory depressant effect.
5. AIM
This study was aimed to evaluate and compare the
safety and efficacy of dexmedetomidine
administered through oral and intranasal route for
procedural sedation in pediatric dental patients.
6. Materials and Methods
Forty-four systemically healthy children (ASA Type I) aged between 4
and 9 years
patients were randomly divided into four groups on the basis of route
and dose to be used for drug administration i.e. Dexmedetomidine .
Two groups for intranasal administration of dexmedetomidine
• Group 1 – 2 μg/kg of body weight.
• Group 2 – 2.5 μg/kg of body weight.
• Two groups for oral administration of dexmedetomidine.
• Group 3 – 4 μg/kg of body weight .
• Group 4 – 5 μg/kg of body weight .
7. Materials and Methods
During the administration of drug, the children were evaluated for
behavior response, and after the administration of drug, they were
evaluated for onset of sedation, depth of sedation, ease of completion of
treatment, recovery from sedation, and any incidence of adverse effects
For Intranasal Route, half volume of the total required drug
administered into each nostril with the child in semi-recumbent or in
parent’s lap using an insulin injection syringe without needle.
For Oral Administration, the drug was mixed with a sweetened mango
drink. All the dental procedures were carried out by single operator in
the presence of an anesthesiologist.
9. Materials and Methods
The sedation session (treatment outcome) was considered safe and
“successful” if:
(1) Response to treatment score of “2”or “3” (satisfactory) and sedation
score of “3” or “4” (adequate sedation)
(2) Physiological parameters remained within 20% of baselines values.
(3) Oxygen saturations remained at 90% or greater.
(4) Physical restraints were not required during the dental procedure.
(5) No major side effects were observed during and after sedation.
13. DISCUSSION
Intanasal rout has gained popularity and pace in the past few years due
to several significant advantages. This route has been used primarily as
a means of circumventing the need for injection or bitter tasting oral
drugs in children.
The nasal mucosa has a rich vascular supply, therefore, immediate
absorption of drug takes place directly in the systemic circulation .
Another reason for faster onset can be due to rapid achievement of
adequate levels in cerebrospinal fluid.
The results of this study showed intranasal dexmedetomidine to be a
safe and effective agent for procedural sedation in pediatric dental
patients with good patient compliance.
14. Conclusion
It was procedurally highlighted during our study that ,
dexmedetomidine acts like an almost ideal sedative for procedural
sedation.
All parameters and the higher dose of intranasal dexmedetomidine was
found to be more potent for induction of procedural sedation.
Oral dexmedetomidine with both doses (4 and 5 μg/kg ) could not
produce an adequate depth of sedation as compared to the nasal route,
15. A Comparison of the Effectiveness of Oral Midazolam –N2O Versus Oral
Ketamine – N2O in Pediatric Patients-An in–Vivo Study
INTRODUCTION
Immature children, fearful and anxious children, medically and physically
disabled children are commonly indicated for conscious sedation technique .
Behavioral management alone is unfortunately not sufficient.
Conscious sedation is widely used in dentistry to help anxious patients undergo
dental treatment with minimal stress.
16. INRODUCTION
Oral rout is the commonly used route.
The perfect premedication in children ought to be adequate, fast, and reliable
in onset, have negligible symptoms, quick end, and an a traumatic course of
administration .
The premedicaments utilized for this study were oral Midazolam and Ketamine
0.5mg/kg and 5mg/kg respectively.
Conscious sedation with combination methods increases the adequacy and
wellbeing. So N2O-O2 can be joined with other routes and agents.
17. INTRODUCTION
• MIDAZOLAM
o Midazolam can be given in the dose of 0.5-0.75mg/kg orally
o it has fast onset of activity, absence of significant side effects, powerful in
directing patient conduct.
• ketamine
o It is a very much recorded anesthetic and analgesic with a wide margin of
safety and keeps up defensive reflexes .
18. Aim
The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of
oral Midazolam – N2O and oral Ketamine – N2O by considering
various psychological parameters of the child.
19. Material And Methods
Thirty cooperative but apprehensive children ,3-9 years ,normal range
of weight categorized ASA I and II.
With multiple primary carious teeth indicated for extraction.
in combination with N2O-O2, patients received oral Midazolam
0.5mg/kg with N2O-O2 inhalation in the first appointment and oral
ketamine 5mg/kg with N2O-O2 inhalation in the follow up
appointment.
Full verbal and written explanation of the procedure was provided to
parents regarding the sedation
20. Material And Methods
Palatable syrup was made by adding sorbitol 45 g, sucrose 15 g,
saccharine 0.2 g, sodium benzoate 0.15 g, citrus extract 2 g, and
distilled water to convey it to 100 ml.
A 10 ml of diluent was titrated to 10 ml of IV drug to achieve a final
dose of 0.5mg of Midazolam per ml and 90 ml of diluent is titrated to
10 ml of IV drug to achieve a final dose of 5mg of ketamine per ml for
oral use.
22. Material And Methods
The scheduled drug oral midazolam in the form of syrup was administered to
the patient and the onset of sedation was monitored using ( Houpt’s Sedation
Rating scale).
First, 100% Oxygen was delivered for 3 minutes at an appropriate flow rate.
Nitrous oxide was gradually introduced by slowly increasing the concentration
at increments of 10% in oxygen to a final dose of 30% in oxygen.
Local anesthesia (2% lidocaine with epinephrine 1:100,000) was given.
The same protocol at first visit was followed but oral ketamine in addition with
nitrous oxide and oxygen was used instead of oral midazolam in addition with
nitrous oxide and oxygen.
25. Discussion
Sedation is commonly indicated for fearful and physical or mentally
handicapped children .
Oral premedication was decided for this study as this is more suitable,
most safe and easiest method of medication administration.
Advantages of oral drug administration are that they are more acceptable,
safe, have minimal side effects, minimal equipment and no specialized
training.
Midazolam is administered in the oral measurements of 0.5-0.75 mg/kg
and 3-10 mg/kg of ketamine administered orally, has a high margin of
safety as the defensive reflexes are normally kept up .
Oral midazolam at the dose of 0.5mg/kg has shown to produce good
anxiolysis when used as premedication . And reported rare side effects
26. Discussion
Oral ketamine at 5mg/kg provides safe, successful, high-quality
sedation for young children undergoing dental extractions under local
anesthesia .
The addition of nitrous oxide (30% and above) to a combination of
sedative agents results in the reduced need for higher doses of the other
agent.
Respiratory rate was increased after ketamine sedation than midazolam
and pulse rate marginally increased after midazolam sedation than
with ketamine.
However comparing midazolam and ketamine with respect to pulse and
respiratory rates, there was statistically no significant difference
between the two drugs.
27. Discussion
Comparison of the psychomotor effects between the two groups oral
midazolam - N2O group performed marginally better than oral
ketamine –N2O.
Oral midazolam at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg produces minimal side effects
and successful premedicament and on the other hand, 5mg/kg oral
ketamine provides high margin of safety as the protective reflexes are
usually maintained .
28. Conclusion
Oral midazolam – N2O and oral ketamine N2O as sedative regimens
were found to be safe and effective and their use greatly reduced the
patient anxiety during the therapeutic procedure.
Overall the findings in the present study suggested that no significant
difference was observed pertaining to pulse rate, oxygen saturation,
respiratory rate, psychological effects, objective signs and subjective
symptoms.
Psychomotor effect of the midazolam group appeared marginally better
than ketamine group.
Good morning , I will talk about A Comparative Assessment of Intranasal and Oral Dex-mede-tomidine for Sedation in Pediatric Dental Patients
Introduction
Management of anxiety and unwanted mobility in children during dental treatment has markedly reduced after the introduction of procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA).
A variety of drugs and various routes of administration for each of them having their own pros and cons.
According to Oral Route
The Most preferred route of drug administration as it is safe, convenient, cost‑effective, universally acceptable, easy to administer, , and with no requirement of specialized training.
Disadvantages have also been reported for this route such as bad taste, gastric irritation, and varied bioavailability due to well‑known factors .
To overcome these disadvantages, intranasal route has been considered as an effective alternative.
Intranasal Route
It is relatively easy, noninvasive, has rapid onset of action due to rich blood supply of nasal mucosa and bypassing of first‑pass hepatic metabolism.
According to dex-mede-tomidine
It is Newer drug, approved by the Food and Drug Administration which has both sedatives as well as analgesic properties.
Read slide
Material and methods
Forty‑four systemically healthy children (ASA Type I) aged between 4 and 9 years
patients were randomly divided into four groups on the basis of route and dose to be used for drug administration
Two groups for intranasal administration and Two groups for oral administration
For Intranasal Route, half volume of the total required drug administered into each nostril with the child in parent’s lap using an insulin injection syringe without needle .
For Oral Administration the drug was mixed with a sweetened mango drink. All the dental procedures were carried out by single operator in the presence of an anesthesiologist
The Ohio State Behavioral Rating Scale, was employed for the patient’s acceptance of drug administration. As show in table 1 . And The ease with which treatment could be completed and the level of sedation were measured using separate 5‑point scales as show in table 2
Read the slide
dexmedetomidine administration has been summarized in Table . There was significant difference (P < 0.05) in the duration required for the onset of sedation between the two intranasal groups. In participants of Group 2, the onset of sedation was faster with mean duration of 7 min as compared to participants in Group 1.
Similarly, there was significant differences in the duration required for the recovery also. The mean recovery time in Group 2 was found to be significantly (P < 0.05) longer as compared to Group 1.
There was no significant difference found in acceptance of drug between the two groups of intranasal route. The overall success rate was more (54.5%) with Group 2 as compared to Group 1.
The outcome of oral dexmedetomidine result has been summarized in Table
Significant difference was found (P < 0.05) in the time required for the onset of sedation between the two oral groups. In participants of Group 4, the onset of sedation was faster with mean duration of 34.45 min as compared to participants of Group 3.
no significant differences found in the duration required for the recovery. “Adequate” depth of sedation was not achieved in any session neither in Group 3 nor in Group 4. “Satisfactory” completion of treatment was found only in 27% cases of Group 4 and 18% cases of Group 3.
No significant difference was found in acceptance of drug in either of Group 3 or 4.
The onset of sedation was found to be better through intranasal route than the oral route and the result was statistically significant.
e were significant differences (P < 0.05) in the durations required for recovery. The mean recovery time in children sedated with intranasal route was found to be significantly (P < 0.05) longer as compared to children sedated with oral route.
The overall success rate of procedures carried out after administration of intranasal dexmedetomidine was found to be far superior than oral route and the result was statistically significant
The results of this study showed intranasal dexmedetomidine to be a safe and effective agent for procedural sedation in pediatric dental patients with good patient compliance
Conclusion
Dex-mde-tomidine acts like an almost ideal sedative for procedural sedation . Oral dexmedetomidine with both doses could not produce an adequate depth of sedation as compared to the nasal route
Part two . I will talk about A Comparison of the Effectiveness of Oral Midazolam –N2O Versus Oral Ketamine – N2O in Pediatric Patients-An in–Vivo Study
The premedicaments utilized for this study were oral Midazolam and Ketamine 0.5mg/kg and 5mg/kg respectively. Conscious sedation with combination methods increases the adequacy and wellbeing. So N2O-O2 can be joined with other routes and agents.
Read the slide
Read the slide
Material and methods read the slide
Their behavior category was assessed by Frankl’s Behavior Rating Scale as showen in Table
Initially baseline pulse rate, oxygen saturation, respiratory rate and patient’s weight were recorded. The child was shown drawings (Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test as showen in [Table2]) and asked to draw the same before the onset of sedation.
First, 100% Oxygen was delivered for 3 minutes at an appropriate flow rate.
Nitrous oxide was gradually introduced by slowly increasing the concentration at increments of 10% in oxygen to a final dose of 30% in oxygen.
Local anesthesia (2% lidocaine with epinephrine 1:100,000) was given.
The same protocol at first visit was followed but oral ketamine in addition with nitrous oxide and oxygen was used instead of oral midazolam in addition with nitrous oxide and oxygen.
Result
The pulse rate (beats per minute) and the oxygen saturation (%) scores for both midazolam and ketamine groups immediately after sedation are given in [Table). Which show no significant difference between the midazolam group and ketamine group
The results of psychomotor test and Objective signs were noted and The subjective symptoms are given all that results of psychological effects are tabulated and given in [Table.
Discussion
Oral midazolam at the dose of 0.5mg/kg has shown to produce good anxiolysis when used as premedication . And reported rare side effects
Midazolam is administered in the oral measurements of 0.5-0.75 mg/kg and 3-10 mg/kg of ketamine administered orally, has a high margin of safety as the defensive reflexes are normally kept up .
Read slide
Overall the findings in the present study suggested that no significant difference was observed EXCEPT OF Psychomotor effect of the midazolam group appeared marginally better than ketamine group.