2. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY-is the area of clinical
pathology that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily
fluids(plasma, serum, urine,CSF) for diagnostic and
therapeutic purpose
• ELECTROLYTES – Na, K, Cl, bicarbonate
- investigate or monitor electrolyte
imbalances
dehydratation
kidney disease
lung disease
heart conditions
3. RENAL (KIDNEY) FUNCTION TESTS
To help diagnose or to monitor treatment for
kidney disease
creatinin
BUN(blood urea
nitrogen) –
Urea/2.14
UREA
4. LIVER FUNCTION TESTS – to screen for liver
damage and to diagnose liver disease
TP – total protein
albumin
bilirubin(direct, indirect,total)
AST(aspartat transaminase)
ALT (alanin transaminase)
GGT(gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase)
ALP(alkalain phosphatase)
5. CARDIAC MARKERS – to determine a
heart attack or injury to heart muscle
Troponin
CK-MB
BNP – B type natriuretic peptide(to detect
heart failure)
6. MINERALS – shows functioning of
muscles, nerves and the heart
Ca, phosphate – bone problems
Mg – kidney problems, gastrointestinal
disorders
K – cardiac arrhythmias, heart disorders
7. Blood Disorders – helps differentiate verious
causes of anemia
Iron , ferritin, transfferin, TIBC(Total iron binding
capacity)
vitamin B12
vitamin D
Folic acid
8. Diabetes tests
• A1C – Glycated hemoglobin test(percentage of blood sugar attached to
hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells)
An A1C level of 6.5 % or higher – diabetes
An A1C between 5.7- 6.4 % indicates prediabetes.
Below 5.7% is considered normal.
• Fasting blood sugar test – Glucose
<100 mg/dL - normal
100-125 mg/dl – prediabetes
>or =126 mg/dL – diabetes
• Oral glucose tolerance test - fasting blood sugar level is measured. Then you drink
a sugary liquid, and blood sugar levels are tested periodically for the next two
hours
<140 mg/dl (after 2 hours)- normal
140-199 mg/dl – prediabetes
>200 mg/dl – diabetes
• urine analysis – ketones in urine – when type 1 diabetes is suspected
9. CRP test
• C-reactive protein(CRP) is produced by the liver Its level
rises when there is inflammation in your body
• normal range - <5 mg/L
• cannot determine where the inflammation is taking place.
• also used for people suffering from lupus and rheumatoid
arthritis
• A variation of the CRP test, the high-sensitivity CRP (hs-
CRP), is used to check for cardiovascular disease
• <1.0 mg/L -- low risk of CVD (heart disease)
• hs-CRP 1.0 mg/L - 3.0 mg/L -- moderate risk of CVD
• hs-CRP > 3.0 mg/L -- high risk of CVD
10. Lipid panel
measures the level of specific lipids in the blood
developing cardiovascular disease, heart
disease and stroke
• Triglycerides
• Total cholesterol
• HDL -high-density lipoproteins "good cholesterol"
because it removes excess cholesterol and carries it to
the liver for removal.
• LDL- low-density lipoproteins "bad cholesterol"
because it deposits excess cholesterol in walls of blood
vessels, which can contribute to atherosclerosis.
• VLDL very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL).
11. Normal range for serum AS lipids
Parameter Phatological values Critical values*
Total Cholesterol
Sujects without risk factors > 240 mg/dl (6,21 mM/l) > 260 mg/dl (6,72 mM/l)
Sujects with risk factors > 200 mg/dl (5,17 mM/l) > 240 mg/dl (6,21 mM/l)
Sujects with AS** 180 mg/dl (4,65 mM/l) > 200 mg/dl (5,17 mM/l)
LDL-Cholesterol
Sujects without risk factors >160 mg/dl (4,14 mM/l) >190 mg/dl (4,91 mM/l)
Sujects with risk factors >130 mg/dl (3,36 mM/l) >160 mg/dl (4,14 mM/l)
Sujects with AS** >100 mg/dl (2,59 mM/l) >130 mg/dl (3,36 mM/l)
HDL-Cholesterol
Sujects without risk factors <35 mg/dl (0,91 mM/l) <30 mg/dl (0,78 mM/l)
Sujects with risk factors <40 mg/dl (1,03 mM/l) <35 mg/dl (0,91 mM/l)
Sujects with AS** <45 mg/dl (1,16 mM/l) <40 mg/dl (1,03 mM/l)
Triglycerides
Sujects without risk factors >200 mg/dl (2,29 mM/l) >500 mg/dl (5,71 mM/l)
Sujects with risk factors >200 mg/dl (2,29 mM/l) >200 mg/dl (2,29 mM/l)
Sujects with AS** >150 mg/dl (1,71 mM/l) >200 mg/dl (2,29 mM/l)
12. Immunology – is the study of the body’s
immune system, its functions and disorders.
• Immunology tests focus on:
1. identifying antibodies – proteins made in
response to a foreign substance – antigen in
the body
2. investigating problems with the immune
system – autoimmune diseases and
immunodeficiency disorders
13. Tumor markers
CEA – carcinoembruonic antigen – may be first evidence of primary
gastrointestinal tract , breast and ovary carcinomas
CA-125II – cancer antigen of ovarian carcinoma
CA-15-3 – cancer antigen for breast cancer
CA-19-9 – marker for pancreatic carcinoma(occasionally for colorectal and
hepatocellullar carcinomas)
TPSA – to screen men for prostate cancer and to monitor the effectiveness of
treatment for prostate cancer
14. FERTILITY HORMONES
to evaluate fertility issues and function of
reproductive organs
FSH – follicle-stimulating hormone
LH – luteinizung hormone
PRL – prolactine
Progesteron
Testosteron
Estradiol
DHEA-s – dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
15. Maternal Care
B – HCG – B horionic gonadotropin
AFP – a fetoprotein
Free Estriol
Double test – B-HCG, AFP
Triple test - B-HCG, AFP, Free estriol
to asses the risk of a fetus having certain
chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down
Syndrome or Edward’s syndrome, spina
bifida(neural tube defects)
16. Infectious diseases
to screen or diagnose infectious
deseases
HIV
A-Hbs
A-Hbc
Hepatitis B,C,A
CMV IgG/IgM
Toxo IgG/IgM
Chlamidia IgG/IgM
HSVIgG/IgM etc
17. Thyroid function tests
to screen and diagnose thyroid disorders, to monitor
treatment of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism
• TSH – thyroid stimulating hormon
• FT4 – thyroxine free
• FT3 – triiodthyronine free
• T4 – total thyroxine
• T3 – total triiodthyronine
• A-TPO – thyroid peroxidase(auto) antibodies
• A-TG - –thyroid globulin antibodies
