pneumonia

1. PNEUMONI
A
modified

2. PNEUMONI
A
• OUTLINES
 Introduction
 Signs and
Symptoms
 Etiology
 Diagnosis
 Complications
 Treatment
 General
Management

3. PNEUMONI
A
 Pneumonia is an infection in one or both of your
lungs.
Characterized
primarily by
inflammation of the
alveoli in the lungs
(alveoli are microscopic
sacs in the lungs that
absorb oxygen).

4. TYPES OF
PNEUMONIA
Pneumonia affects your lungs in
two Ways .
According to areas involved :
Lobar pneumonia : affects
a section (lobe) of a lung.
 Bronchial pneumonia
(Bronchopneumonia) :
affects patches throughout both
lungs.

5. LOBAR
PNEUMONIA

6. BRONCHOPNEUMO
NIA
(Bronchitis and Pneumonia occur
together)

7. SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS
 High fever, Shaking Chills
 Shortness of breath (Dyspnoea)
 Increased breathing rate
 Chest pain when you breathe deeply or cough
 Dusky or purplish skin colour (cyanosis) from
poorly oxygenated blood
 Fatigue and muscle aches
 Nausea, vomiting or diarrhoea
 Cough, particularly cough productive of sputum

8. SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS
 Streptococcus pneumoniae: Rust-colored sputum
Pseudomonas, Haemophilus, and pneumococcal
species: May produce green sputum
Klebsiella species pneumonia: Red currant-jelly sputum
Anaerobic infections: Often produce foul-smelling or
bad- tasting sputum
 Newborns and infants may not show any sign of the
infection. Or they may vomit, have a fever and cough,
appear restless or tired and without energy, or have
difficulty breathing and eating.
 Older people who have pneumonia sometimes have
sudden changes in mental awareness.

9. ETIOLO
GY
 Bacteri
a
: Streptococcus pneumoniae,
Legionella
pneumophil
a,
Chlamydophilapneumoniae,
Staphylococcus
aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pyogenes,
Neisseria meningitidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and
Haemophilus influenzae , Pneumocystis jiroveci .
 Viruses : Influenza virus, Adenoviruses, Rhinovirus
 Mycoplasmas : They are not classified as to whether
they are bacteria or viruses, but they have traits of
both.
 Other infectious agents, such as fungi : Pneumocystis
carini

10. Who gets
Pneumonia?
 Cigarette smoking
 Recent viral respiratory infection—a cold, laryngitis,
influenza etc.
 Difficulty swallowing (due to stroke, dementia,
Parkinson's disease, or other neurological
conditions)
 Chronic lung disease such as COPD, bronchietasis
or cystic fibrosis
 Other serious illnesses, such as heart disease, liver
cirrhosis, or diabetes
 Living in a nursing facility
 Impaired consciousness (loss of brain function due to
dementia, stroke, or other neurologic conditions)

11. DIAGNOS
IS
 Chest X-rays
 Blood tests
 Sputum test
 Bronchoscop
y
 Pulse
oximetry

12. COMPLICATIO
NS
 Bacteria in the bloodstream (bacteremia)
 Lung abscess.
 Build up of fluid in the space between the lung and chest
wall (pleural effusion).
 Difficulty breathing.
 Shock and respiratory failure
 Septic arthritis
 Endocarditis

13. TREATME
NT
• Most people can be treated athome.
• If pneumonia becomes so severe that treatment is in the
hospital, you may receive fluids and antibiotics in your veins,
oxygen therapy, and possibly breathing treatments.
• Viral Pneumonia: Anti-virals like Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and
zanamivir (Relenza)
• Bacterial pneumonia: Patients with mild pneumonia
who are otherwise healthy are treated with oral
macrolide antibiotics (azithromycin, clarithromycin, or
erythromycin).
• Patients with other serious illnesses, such as heart disease,
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or emphysema,
kidney disease, or diabetes are often given more powerful
and/or higher dose antibiotics.

14. ANTIBIOTI
CS
1. Penicillin: common penicillins used to treat
pneumonia-
 Amoxicillin (Amoxil)
 Amoxicillin-clavulanate (Augmentin)
 Ampicillin (Rimacillin)
 Benzylpenicillin (Crystapen)
 Piperacillin-tazobactam (Tazocin)
 Ticarcillin-clavulanate (Timentin).
• There is a risk of a type of jaundice if you take
amoxicillin- clavulanate. (affects liver function)

15. Contd
..
2. Macrolides:
• Often prescribed. Interference with other medicines.
• Stomach cramps and can damage liver if taken for long
time.
Common macrolides used are-
 Azithromycin (Zithromax)
 Clarithromycin (Klaricid)
 Erythromycin (Erymax, Erythrocin).
3. Ceftaroline, a cephalosporin, is newly approved for the
treatment against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (S.)
aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant Streptococcus
pneumoniae.

16. Fluoroquinolo
nes
• Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
• Levofloxacin (Levaquin)
• Gemifloxacin (Factive)
• Side effects include-
 Nervous system, mental, and heart problems
 Sensitivity to light
 Pregnant women should not take these
medications.

17. MANAGEMENT OF
PNEUMONIA
 Don't smoke.
 Practice good hygiene.
 Stay rested and fit.
 Wearing surgical masks by the sick may also prevent illness.
 Appropriately treating underlying illnesses (such as HIV/AIDS,
diabetes mellitus, and malnutrition) can decrease the risk of
pneumonia.
 Get a Pneumonia Vaccination.

18. VACCINATI
ON
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
(Prevnar):
For children less than 2 years of age or between two and four
years with certain medical conditions.
Pneumococcal polysaccharide
vaccine (Pneumovax) :
Adults who are at increased risk of developing pneumococcal
pneumonia, such as the elderly, diabetics, those with chronic
heart, lung, or kidney disease, alcoholics, smokers, and those
without a spleen.