SEMESTER 3

1. PHONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
ON STUDENT'S PRONUNCIATION IN THE FIRST SEMESTER
VIEWED FROM SUPRASEGMENTAL FEATURES
BY :
ANGGI FEBI JAYANTI
1523102
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
STKIP PGRI SIDOARJO
2017

2. Suprasegmental features operate over longer stretches of speech, such as
rhythm and voice quality as opposed to segmental features, which are the
individual sounds. In addition, to finding the consonant and vowel segments (the
segmental phonemes), the linguist must also identify the suprasegmental
phonemes used in a language system. They include things like pitch, stress,
intonation, and juncture. They are called "suprasegmental" because they can occur
only with the segmental phonemes, they are imposed on the segmental phonemes.
Basically, the method used is the same as that employed in looking for the
segmental phonemes. That is whether a certain feature contrasts with another and
whether the contrasts exist in minimal pairs. The analysis of suprasegmental
phonemes is more complicated than segmental phonemes and linguistics tend to
differ in their analysis. (Lim Kiat Boey, 1975 : 32). In this section,
suprasegmental will research by me. Its about stress and intonation. I would like
to describe that i have been observed. The video of my junior that produce speech
of /ʤ/ /ʧ/ /ɵ/ /ʃ/ /ð/ , . In this research, i observe my junior Dita Larasati from
2016c. About the video that made by dita, i will observe the word and sentence
that produced in stress and intonation features.
/ð/ vs /ɵ/
In this section, i choose a word and sentence. According to the video, dita
produced the word "birthday" with initial stressed and in her video, dita produced
this word properly. Word of one syllable do have stress, as is evident when we say
the following words in a list with other words : apple, pear, orange, peach, cherry,
grape. But whether they are stressed or not in sentences depends on their position
or function in the sentence - hence, variable stress. (Lim Kiat Boey, 1975 : 34).
According to the video, dita mention the example form in sentence. "please come
to my birthday party", based on the book Lim Kiat Boey page 35, we have seen
that stress can make a difference in meaning both word and sentence level in
English. In the video, the sentence produced /ɵ/.

3. According to the video, dita produced the word "this"and dita produced it
properly with the tip of the tongue touched the upper teeth and the air stream
stopped firmly. And in the video, dita gived the example of sentence that "this is
my book". With better intonation, the stress and pitch produced in the right way.
And for the difference between thin and this are produce difference sound because
each word have their own part such as vowel and consonant. And the only differ
that can see are the sound and the phonetic symbol. Vowel length actually
changes the meaning of words. Therefore, pronunciation of the lengthened sound
is very important because the word means something completely different. If you
were to pronounce both words with longer vowels, the pronunciation might seem
strange but the meaning is not lost. In other words, the meaning of beat and bead
are the same.
/ʒ/
Based on the video that made by dita, the word "television" produced with
the prominent stress but "television" have the weak stress. It should say no pitch
cause the word have weak stress. I heard dita said it with stress that happen in /ʒ/
sound. According to the dita's video, she mentionex the sentence that say "i like
watch television". In this sentence, dita have give stress in television word and
after unstressed syllable in "i like watch...", dita give stress in word "television"
which mean dita want to show that she likes watch television. In the notation,
lines indicated sterssed and dots unstressed syllables. (Lim Kiat Boey, 1975 : 35)
which mean if there are rising level, there are line that going up like this and
if there are sound of the sentence that falling, it will represented like , and like
the book said that if there are no stress or pitch, it will represented like this ( )
or with the dots like this ( . ). With stress in the one word of sentence, you will
easy to know the speaker means.

4. /ʤ/
Based on the video, dita give example in a word and in a sentence form.
The word that produce by dita is page. The pronunce is in the right way and the
sound speak clearly. And about the sentence that mentioned before, "please open
the page" pronunce with stress in "please" word and the other such as "...open the
page" pronunce unstressed syllable. Where the pitch rises on an unstressted
syllable, it is represented by a line. (Lim Kiat Boey, 1975 : 36) which mean if
there are rising level, there are line that going up like this and if there are
sound of the sentence that falling, it will represented like , and like the book
said that if there are no stress or pitch, it will represented like or with the dots
like this ( . ). So, if you found or heard the sound of stress or pitch in the
intonation part, you should be able to draw how the look in the line form.
/ʧ/
According to the video examination of dita, the word and the sentence that
have been pronunce, i analysed that the word "much" of the sound pronunce
properly and the stress was right. And about the sentence "i love you so much"
that have stress in the word "you" cause "i" want to show "you" that love so much.
This sentence have rising and lower level that balanced. As a general rule, the
more important a word is in a sentence the stronger is its stress. (Lim Kiat Boey,
1975 : 34). If pitch varies over an entire phrase or sentence, we call the different
pitch curves by the term intonation. Intonation conveys the speaker's attitude or
feelings. In other words, intonation can convey anger, sarcasm, or various
emotions. How do these sentences - with the exact same words -- mean very
different things with different intonation?
I Love You So Much (normal intonation)
I Love You So Much (emphasis on I : I, not me)

5. I Love You So Much (emphasis on love : love, not like)
I Love You So Much
(emphasis on you : you, not me or
marry jane)
I Love You So Much (emphasis on so : so, not too)
I Love You So Much
(emphasis on much : much, not
many)
/ʃ/
Based on the examination video that made by dita, the word and the
sentence that have been mentioned have own stress and intonation feature. For
example, the word "she" produced with initial stress. And dita give the example of
sentence that “She is beautiful girl”. Every speaker have the difference stress,
pitch, even intonation which mean they have their own passion in suprasegmental
features. In the video, dita give stress in “girl” word and have intonation that
falling level in the first and rising at the end.
Stress (tense or lax syllables) and Juncture (pauses within sentences to
separate words and meaning)
In English, the stress you place on a syllable can change the meaning of a word.
White House (the US President's
house)
white house (a house that's white)
nitrate night rate
record (noun) record (verb)
address (noun) address (verb)

6. When combined with pausing after certain words, the meaning of the whole
sentence can completely change. Click the underlined words to hear the phrases,
paying attention to the pauses.
Intonation – The rising and falling of the voice (pitch) over a stretch of
sentence
 If pitch varies over an entire phrase or sentence, we call the different pitch
curves by the term intonation.
 Intonation conveys the speaker’s attitude or feelings. In other words,
intonation can convey anger, sarcasm or various emotions.
Length – The amount of time it takes to produce a sound
 Some sounds are longer than others. For example, Beat vs Bead.
 If you were to pronounce both words with longer vowels, the
pronunciation might seem strange but the meaning is not lost. In other
words, the meaning of beat and bead are the same.
Tone means the rising and falling of pitch in a syllable.
If the pitch of a single syllable or word has the effect of influencing the meaning
of the word, we call the different pitch distributions by the term tone. Every
language uses pitch as intonation, but only some languages use it as tone. There
are two basic types of tones in tone languages.
 Register tones are measured by contrasts in the absolute pitch of different
syllables. Register tones may be high, mid, or low. Many West African
languages use contrasts of high mid and low tones to distinguish word
meaning: Zulu, Hausa, Yoruba, Navajo, Apache.
 Contour tones are tones involving a pitch shift upward or downward on a
single syllable.

7. Stress (tense or lax syllables) and Juncture (pauses within sentences to
separate words and meaning)
 In English, the stress you place on a syllable can change the meaning of a
word.
 When combined with pausing after certain words, the meaning of the
whole sentence can completely change.

8. REFERENCES
Lim Kiat Boey. 1975. An Introduction To Linguistics For The Language Teacher.
Singapore : Singapore University Press for Regional English Language Centre
http://www2.leeward.hawaii.edu/hurley/ling102web/mod3_speaking/3mod3.7_su
prasegmentals.htm
http://www.slideshare.net/ElleMomo/introduction-to-suprasegmental-
features?from_action=save