2. Methodology
īŽ How the research is conducted.
īŽ Research methods are categories of
terminologies, strategies, and techniques
that are used to conduct research.
īŽ Research methods are the procedures of
studying a phenomenon, including ways of
collecting and handling empirical
observations and data.
5. īŽ POPULATION ARE OF TWO TYPES:
1.Theoretical/Target Population.
2.Accessible Population.
6. Target population
īŽ The Target population refers to the entire
group of individuals or objects to which
researchers are interested in generalizing
the conclusionsâ.
7. Accessible Population
īŽ âThe accessible population is the
population in research to which the
researchers can apply their conclusions.
This population is a subset of the target
population and is also known as the study
population. It is from the accessible
population that researchers draw their
samplesâ.
8. Sample
īŽ In general, a sample is a limited quantity of
something which is intended to be similar
to and represent a larger amount of that
thing(s).
īŽ A Sample is a selection of units
from the entire group called the population
9. Sampling
īŽ It refers to the method of selecting a
sample from a given universe or population
with a view to draw conclusion about the
universe.
11. īŽ Probability sampling â representativeness
is most important
īŽ Does the sample represent the population
as a whole?
īŽ Techniques of probability sampling get at
different ways of ensuring
representativeness
13. Simple Random Sampling
īŽ randomly pick individuals to include in the
sample.
īŽ All individuals must have an equal chance of being
selected.
īŽ As sample size increases, sample becomes more and
more representative of population.
19. Non-probability Sampling
īŽ Most researchers are bounded by time,
money and workforce and because of these
limitations, it is almost impossible to
randomly sample the entire population and
it is often necessary to employ another
sampling technique, the non-probability
sampling technique
20. Convenience, Haphazard or
Accidental sampling -
īŽ members of the population are chosen
based on their relative ease of access. To
sample friends, co-workers, or shoppers at
a single mall, are all examples of
convenience sampling.
īŽ â sample whoever is available
21. ContâĻ
īŽ is probably the most common of all
sampling techniques. With convenience
sampling, the samples are selected because
they are accessible to the researcher.
Subjects are chosen simply because they
are easy to recruit. This technique is
considered easiest, cheapest and least time
consuming.
22. Snowball sampling
īŽ - The first respondent refers a friend. The
friend also refers a friend, etc
īŽ is usually done when there is a very small
population size. In this type of sampling,
the researcher asks the initial subject to
identify another potential subject who also
meets the criteria of the research. The
downside of using a snowball sample is
that it is hardly representative of the
population.
23. Judgmental sampling or
Purposive sampling
īŽ - The researcher chooses the sample based
on who they think would be appropriate for
the study.
26. Data Interpretation
īŽ The researcher interprets the newly
analyzed data and suggests a conclusion.
īŽ Data interpretation is the representation of
collected data in research work
27. Data Analysis
īŽ The manipulation of the collected data
according to the research question/s to
research conclusions.