This document discusses elements and principles of art and their application in understanding Philippine art aesthetics. It defines the seven elements of art - line, shape, color, texture, space, form, and value. It explains the importance of understanding these elements to analyze and critique artworks. The document also discusses principles of art like movement, unity, harmony, variety, balance, proportion, contrast, emphasis, rhythm and pattern. It provides examples to illustrate different elements and principles. Finally, it provides guidance on formal analysis and art criticism using description, analysis, interpretation and judgment.

1. ART ELEMENT
PRINCIPLE OF ART
ART CRITICISM
A REVIEW ON ART ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLE IN UNDERSTANDING
PHILIPPINE ART AESTHETICS

2. IDENTIFY THE ELEMENT OF ART IN 5 MINUTES ONLY
A B C D E
F G

3. IDENTIFY THE ELEMENT OF ART
A ] Color B ] Texture C] Shape D] Space E] Form
F ] Value G] Line

4. BY DEFINITION
• The Elements of Art are a commonly used in analyzing an
artwork. It is usually combined with the Principles of Art.
• Also known as the building blocks of an art work.
• Made up of
Line Shape Color Texture
Space Form Value

5. IMPORTANCE OF THE ELEMENTS OF ART
Knowing what the elements of art enables us to
(1) describe what an artist has done,
(2) analyze what is going on in a particular piece
(3) communicate our thoughts and findings using a common
language.
Also remember: No Elements of Art… No Art Work!

6. UNDERSTANDING THE LINE
IN CONTEXT OF VISUAL ARTS

7. INTERPRETATION OF
THE JEEPNEY
How many kinds of lines do you see on
the picture?
Describe how are the lines effectively or
ineffectively used with this drawing?

8. UNDERSTANDING THE LINE
• Real Lines are the ones that
we draw and the ones that are
the seen.
• Implied Lines are created
through the sense of the line
being there.
Louie Cordero
'My we‘
2011

9. CREATING DEPTH WITH LINES
Line Quality
The THICKNESS and THINNESS of lines)
LINES have different thicknesses that artists call their weight.
Thick lines are heavy and Thin lines are light.

10. UNDERSTANDING THE
LINE QUALITY
Heavily Weighted Lines (thick)
objects appear coming forward
Lightly Weighted Lines (thin)
object appears receding (going back)

11. DIFFERENT TYPES OF LINES
VERTICAL HORIZONTAL ZIG-ZAG
DIAGONAL CURVED

12. UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT
TYPES OF LINES IN AN ART WORK
• Lines create a sense of emotion to
an art work
• Lines create direction, literally or
implied, to convey a feeling

13. VERTICAL LINES
• Create a sense of growth or
height
• These lines move up and down
without a slant and can give the
appearance of height because
they are perpendicular to the
earth, extending upwards
toward the sky.
• In fashion vertical lines create a
long and lean silhouette
Bulakeña
Juan Luna
People Power Monument
Eduardo Castrillo

14. HORIZONTAL LINES
• Create a sense of relaxation
• These lines move right to left
and suggest a feeling of rest
or repose because objects
parallel to the earth are at
rest
• Stagnant to the eye and may
create a feeling of laziness or
being boring
Reclining Nude
BenCab
Untitled Landscape
painting by
Oscar T. Navarro

15. DIAGONAL LINES
• Diagonal lines are neither
vertical nor horizontal and
convey a feeling of
movement.
• Objects in a diagonal position
feel unstable because they
are either about to fall or are
already in motion
• Diagonal lines create a sense
of tension with the edges of
the paper and thus the
picture becomes exciting.
Hills of Nikko
Joya
Fisherman with Catch
Ang Kiukok

16. PARALLEL LINES • Create a sense of excitement
• Fast moving eye
Untitled comic strip
Menny Eusobio Martin
Infinity Series
Mark Justiniani
Icarus Fernando
Fernando Zobel

17. ZIG-ZAG LINES
• Create a sense of chaos
• Fast moving eye
• These lines slant and
are diagonal lines
connected at each
point. These lines can
portray action and
excitement.
BLOOD COMPACT,
Vicente Manansala

18. SPIRAL & CURVE LINES
• Create a sense of infinity/never
ending movement
• Feminine and graceful s-curves
• Very organic and free flowing
feeling is created
• The curve of a line can convey
energy. Soft, shallow curves recall
the curves of the human body and
often have a pleasing, sensual
quality
The Nose Flute
Carlos “Botong” Francisco

19. REVIEW
What kind of lines
are being used?
•Diagonal: creates a sense
of tension and excitement
•Spiral: creates a sense of
infinity

20. REVIEW
What kind of lines
are being used?
 Vertical: creates a sense of
sturdiness and strength
 Horizontal: creates a
sense of rest/relaxation
 Parallel: creates a
sense if speed

21. ELEMENT OF ART:
SHAPE & FORM

22. SHAPE
• A shape is a closed line or closed contour line
• A shape is flat or two-dimensional. Only has width and height.
• Shapes are defined by other elements of art such as line, form,
space, value, color, and texture

23. FORM
• a form is a three-dimensional geometrical figure (i.e.:
sphere, cube, cylinder, cone, etc.), as opposed to a shape,
which is two-dimensional, or flat.

24. TYPES OF SHAPE AND FORM
• GEOMETRIC
are mathematically determined
• ORGANIC
are shapes seen in nature or
vague or abstract shapes

25. UNDERSTANDING FORM
Form refers to the visible elements of an
art piece, independent of their meaning.
For example, when viewing Juan Luna's
Portrait of a Lady, the formal elements
therein are: color, space, lines, shape, etc.,
while the feelings of mystery and intrigue
the piece evokes are informal products of
the viewer's imagination.

26. INTERPRET THE
PAINTING BASED ON
SHAPE AND FORM
• How is Shape and Form
important in this painting?
Fiesta sa Obando,
Aris Bagtas

27. THE ELEMENT OF COLOR
DEFINITION
PROPERTIES OF COLOR
PSYCHOLOGY OF COLOR

28. COLOR BY DEFINITION
• The reflected light on an object as
seen by the human eye.
• Color adds interest and mood to a
work of art.

29. 3 PROPERTIES OF COLOR
• Hue = the name of the color
example red, yellow, blue, etc.
• Intensity = the strength and vividness of the color.
example color blue as "royal" (bright, rich, vibrant)
or "dull" (grayed).
• Value = the lightness or darkness of the color
Also remember:
• Tints- are created by adding white to a color
• Shades- are created by adding black to a color

30. PSYCHOLOGY OF COLOR
Color psychology is the study of hues as a
determinant of human behavior.
Color influences perceptions that are not
obvious, such as the taste of food.
Colors can also enhance the effectiveness of
placebos. For example, red or orange pills are
generally used as stimulants.
There are four psychological primary colors -
red, blue, yellow and green. They relate
respectively to the body, the mind, the
emotions and the essential balance between
these three.
Body atlas shows where we feel different
emotions; a study published in the Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences, researchers
proved that emotions have direct physiological
connections to the parts of our body.

31. WARM COLOR AND COOL COLOR
Warm Colors
Warm colors are made with
orange, red, yellow and
combinations of them all.
Cool Colors
Cool colors are blue, green and
light purple have the ability to
calm and soothe.

32. COMBINATION AND
EFFECT OF THE ART
ELEMENTS IN A PAINTING
• Interpret the painting: España y Filipinas
by Juan Luna using the 3 elements of art,
Line, Form and Color

33. PRINCIPLES OF ART
WHAT MAKES AN EFFECTIVE COMPOSITION

34. UNDERSTANDING THE PRINCIPLE OF ART
• The Principles of Visual Art are the set of rules or guidelines of
visual art that are to be considered when considering the
impact of a piece of artwork.
• They are combined with the Elements of Art in the production
of art.
• The principles are Movement, Unity, Harmony, Variety,
Balance, Proportion, Contrast, Emphasis, Rhythm and Pattern.

35. MOVEMENT
• Movement shows actions, or alternatively, the path
the viewer's eye follows throughout an artwork.
• Movement is caused by using elements under the
rules of the principles in picture to give the feeling
of action and to guide the viewer's eyes throughout
the artwork.

36. EXAMPLE OF MOVEMENT
"After the Day's Toil“
Vicente Alvarez
“Andres Bonifacio “
Carlos "Botong" Francisco

37. UNITY
• Unity is the wholeness that is achieved through the
effective use of the Elements and Principles of Art.
• The arrangement of elements and principles to create a
feeling of completeness.

38. EXAMPLE OF UNITY

39. HARMONY
• Harmony is achieved in a body of work by using similar elements
throughout the work, harmony gives an uncomplicated look to a piece
of artwork. This is achieved through repetition and rhythm. Repetition
reemphasizes visual units, connecting parts and creating an area of
attention.
• In visual design means all parts of the visual image relate to and
complement each other. Harmony pulls the pieces of a visual image
together.
• Color Harmony or Color Theory is also considered a principle through
the application of the design element of color.

40. EXAMPLE OF HARMONY

41. VARIETY
• Variety (also known as alternation) is the quality or
state of having different forms or types.
• The differences which give a design visual and
conceptual interest: notably use of contrast,
emphasis, difference in size and color.

42. EXAMPLE OF VARIETY

43. BALANCE
Balance is arranging elements so that no one part of a work overpowers, or seems heavier
than any other part.
3 Kinds of Balance:
1. Symmetrical (or formal) balance is when both sides of an artwork, if split down the
middle, appear to be the same. The human body is an example of symmetrical
balance.
2. Asymmetrical balance is the balance that does not weigh equally on both sides.
3. Radial balance is equal in length from the middle. An example is the sun.

44. EXAMPLE OF BALANCE
Lithsome Wave in Blue Green
By Ramon Orlina
Anita Magsaysay-Ho
“Magkabilaan”
By Anoy Catague

45. CONTRAST
• Contrast is created by using elements that conflict with
one another.
• Contrast is created using complementary colors or
extremely light and dark values.
• Contrast creates interest in a piece and often draws the
eye to certain areas.

46. EXAMPLE OF CONTRAST

47. PROPORTION
• Proportion is a measurement of the size and quantity of elements
within a composition.
• In ancient arts, proportions of forms were enlarged to show
importance. This is why Egyptian gods and political figures appear so
much larger than common people.
• The ancient Greeks found fame with their accurately-proportioned
sculptures of the human form.
• Beginning with the Renaissance, artists recognized the connection
between proportion and the illusion of 3-dimensional space.

48. EXAMPLE OF PROPORTION
Ronald Ventura, ‘Blind Child’, 2011. Oil on canvas

49. EMPHASIS
an area or object within the artwork that draws attention and becomes a
focal point.
Subordination is defined as minimizing or toning down other compositional
elements in order to bring attention to the focal point.
Focal point refers to an area in the composition that has the most significance,
an area that the artist wants to draw attention to as the most important aspect.

50. EXAMPLE OF EMPHASIS
Untitled Work
Ronal Ventura
“Mona Lisa Overdose”
Luis Lorenzana

51. PATTERN/RHYTHM
• Pattern and rhythm (also known as Repetition) is showing
consistency with colors or lines.
• It is indicating movement by the repetition of elements.
• Rhythm can make an artwork seem active.

52. EXAMPLE OF PATTERN/RHYTHM
Cloud Child' by Iyan De Jesus
Faulty Landscapes
Installation art piece
By Nilo Ilarde
(Photo by At Maculangan)

53. ART CRITICISM
• Art criticism is responding to, interpreting meaning, and making critical judgments about
specific works of art.
• Art critics help viewers perceive, interpret, and judge artworks.
• The discussion or evaluation of visual art. Art is criticize in the context of aesthetics or the
theory of beauty.
• A goal of art criticism is the pursuit of a rational basis for art appreciation.
• REMEMBER: There are many different variables that determine one's judgment of art such as
aesthetics, cognition or perception. Art can be objective or subjective based on personal
preference toward aesthetics and form. It can be based on the elements and principle of
design and by social and cultural acceptance. Art can stand-alone with an instantaneous
judgment or can be viewed with a deeper more educated knowledge.

54. FOUR LEVELS OF FORMAL ANALYSIS
1. Description = pure description of the object without value judgments,
analysis, or interpretation.
2. Analysis = determining what the features suggest and deciding why the
artist used such features to convey specific ideas.
3. Interpretation = establishing the broader context for this type of art.
4. Judgment = judging a piece of work means giving it rank in relation to
other works and of course considering a very important aspect of the
visual arts; its originality.

55. DESCRIPTION
It answers the question, "What do you see?"
The various elements that constitute a description include:
a. Form of art whether architecture, sculpture, painting or one of the minor arts
b. Medium of work whether clay, stone, steel, paint, etc., and technique (tools used)
c. Size and scale of work (relationship to person and/or frame and/or context)
d. Elements or general shapes (architectural structural system) within the composition, including building of post-lintel
construction or painting with several figures lined up in a row; identification of objects
e. Description of axis whether vertical, diagonal, horizontal, etc.
f. Description of line, including contour as soft, planar, jagged, etc.
g. Description of how line describes shape and space (volume); distinguish between lines of objects and lines of
composition, e.g., thick, thin, variable, irregular, intermittent, indistinct, etc.
h. Relationships between shapes, e.g., large and small, overlapping, etc.
i. Description of color and color scheme = palette
j. Texture of surface or other comments about execution of work
k. Context of object: original location and date

56. ANALYSIS
It answers the question, "How did the artist do it?"
The various elements that constitute analysis include:
a. Determination of subject matter through naming iconographic elements, e.g., historical event, allegory, mythology, etc.
b. Selection of most distinctive features or characteristics whether line, shape, color, texture, etc.
c. Analysis of the principles of design or composition, e.g., stable,
repetitious, rhythmic, unified, symmetrical, harmonious, geometric, varied, chaotic, horizontal or vertically oriented, etc.
d. Discussion of how elements or structural system contribute to appearance of image or function
e. Analysis of use of light and role of color, e.g., contrasty, shadowy, illogical, warm, cool, symbolic, etc.
f. Treatment of space and landscape, both real and illusionary (including use of perspective), e.g., compact, deep, shallow,
naturalistic, random
g. Portrayal of movement and how it is achieved
h. Effect of particular medium(s) used
i. Your perceptions of balance, proportion and scale (relationships of each part of the composition to the whole and to
each other part) and your emotional
j. Reaction to object or monument

57. INTERPRETATION
It answers the question: Why did the
artist create it and what does it mean?
The various elements that constitute
interpretation include:
a. Main idea, overall meaning of the
work.
b. Interpretive Statement: Can I express
what I think the artwork is about in one
sentence?
c. Evidence: What evidence inside or
outside the artwork supports my
interpretation?
JUDGEMENT
Answers the question: Is it a good artwork?
· Criteria: What criteria do I think are most
appropriate for judging the artwork?
· Evidence: What evidence inside or outside
the artwork relates to each criterion?
· Judgment: Based on the criteria and
evidence, what is my judgment about the
quality of the artwork?

58. CRITIC THIS WORK USING THE ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLE OF ART
Last Trip
Mark Justiniani
Oil on Canvass
Select at least 3
elements of art that
is obviously used
and 1 principle of
art. (Note: there are
some cases an
artwork may have
two principles of art
working on it)

59. ACTIVITY NO. 1: PROVE THE PAINTING IS AN EXAMPLE OF PHILIPPINE ART
RUBRICS
10 Gave 3 specific elements and main principle of art as well as explaining each, gave the title and name of the artist of
the work
9 Gave 3 specific elements and main principle of art as well as explaining each, gave the title or the artist of the work
8 Gave 3 specific elements and main principle of art in the painting that identifies the work as a Philippine art well as
explaining each
7 Gave 3 specific elements and principle of art but fails to fully explain properly.
6 Gave 2 specific elements and principle of art as well as explaining each.
5 Gave 2 specific elements and principle of art but fails to explain properly.
4 Gave 1 specific element and the principle of art and explaining each.
3 Gave 1 specific element and the principle of art but fails to explain properly.
2 Attempted to give an answer but without cohesion and proper understanding of the task.
1 Attempted to answer the question but failed to give any insight.
0 No answer

60. POSSIBLE ANSWER
The gritty texture shows the
dreariness of the situation and
adding to it is how the contrast of
colors highlighted the sad and tired
people who is riding the jeepney
(form). But the viewer is drawn to the
middle (space) person as he stares
straight at you, showing a very
unsettling feeling of mixed emotion.
Maybe because of his very
uncomfortable position.