Drugs & Society, Hanson

1. SOC 204
Drugs & Society
Chapter 11 Stimulants
Goldberg

2. Historically, cocaine was used as
a local anesthetic.
A. True
B. False
True
False
0%
100%

3. Stimulants
 Modify (stimulate) a person’s
◦ Activity level
◦ Mood
◦ Central nervous system
 Increased heart rate
 Increased respiration
 Increased blood pressure
 Dilated pupils
https://ww
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-Kpf5M

4. History of Cocaine
 Bush that grows in the Andes
 Natives chewed the leaves for
endurance

5.  Cocoa wine
 Coca-Cola
 Patent medicines

7. Cocaine accounts for more ER
visits than any other illegal drug.
A. True
B. False
True
False
65%
35%

8. History
 Local anesthesia:
Dr. W. S. Halsted
 Early psychiatric uses:
Sigmund Freud
 Used to alleviate fatigue,
depression, opiate
addiction
 Later opposed this use

9. Legal Control
 46 states passed laws to regulate
cocaine between 1887 and 1914
 Negative publicity about cocaine
influenced the passage of the 1914
Harrison Act
 Anti-Drug Abuse Acts of 1986 and
1988

10. The majority of powder
cocaine users who enter
treatment are white, and the
majority of crack cocaine
users who enter treatment
are black.
A. True
B. False True
False
17%
83%

11. Forms of Cocaine
 Processing 500 kilograms of coca
leaves yields 1 kilogram of cocaine

12.  Coca paste
 Cocaine hydrochloride
 Freebase
 Crack or rock

14. Mechanism of Action
 Cocaine blocks reuptake of dopamine,
serotonin, and norepinephrine

15. The depressant effects of alcohol
reduce the stimulating effects of
cocaine, making serious side effects
less likely to occur.
A. True
B. False
True
False
63%
38%

16. Administration/Elimination
 Routes:
◦ Topical, snorting, IV, smoking
 Cocaine is metabolized by
enzymes in the blood and liver
 Cocaine has a half-life of
about one hour
 Major metabolites (detected
by drug screens) have a half-
life of eight hours

17. Pharmacological Effects of
Cocaine
 Enhanced activity of the
catecholamine and serotonin
transmitters
 Blocks the reuptake of these
substances following their release
from neurons
 The summation of cocaine’s effects on
dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline,
and serotonin is to cause CNS
stimulation
◦ Cardiovascular system
◦ Local anesthetic effect

18. Benefits/Concerns
 Anesthetic
properties
 Acute toxicity
 Damage to nasal
septum
 Paranoid
psychosis
 Damage to heart
muscle
 Dependence
 Some withdrawal
 Use during
pregnancy

19. Attend 5/12 Are you in
favor of medication for
children with ADD?
A. Yes
B. No
Yes
No
50%50%

20. Amphetamines
 Ancient Chinese used ephedra
 Chemical version in 1932 –
amphetamine
 Used in WWII to fight fatigue
 1960’s
 Tighter control

22. After Mexico, the largest producer of
methamphetamine is Canada, because
pseudoephedrine is not regulated there.
A. True
B. False
True
False
41%
59%

23. Pharmacology
 Chemical structure is similar to
catecholamine neurotransmitters
(adrenaline, noradrenaline)
 Methamphetamine and amphetamine
both cross blood brain barrier
 Increases activity of monoamine
neurotransmitters by stimulating their
release (dopamine, norepinephrine,
serotonin)

24. How Amphetamines Work
(continued)
 Amphetamines can cause
◦ “Fight-or-flight” effect, a response to
crisis
◦ Alertness
◦ Anxiety, severe apprehension, or
panic
◦ Potent effects on dopamine in the
reward center of the brain
◦ Behavioral stereotypy: Meaningless
repetition of a single activity

25. Absorption/Elimination
 Peak effects
◦ 1.5 hours oral
◦ 5-20 min snorting
◦ 5-10 min smoking
 Half-life is 5-12 hours
 Rapid tolerance

26. Boys are more than twice as likely as
girls to be identified with ADHD.
A. True
B. False
True
False
0%0%

27. Benefits
 Depression
 Weight control
 Narcolepsy
 ADD/ADHD
 Concentration
 Athletics

28. ADHD is limited to teenagers and
children. Very few adults have this
disorder.
A. True
B. False
True
False
0%0%

29. Risks
 Acute behavioral
toxicity
 High doses may
destroy
catecholamine
neurons
 Contaminants
 Paranoid psychosis
 No withdrawal
 Powerful
psychological
dependence

30. Methamphetamine

31. Ritalin, Adderall
 Most commonly
prescribed drugs for
ADHD
 Ritalin and other stimulants
enhance the functioning of the reticular
activating system, which helps children
focus attention and filter out extraneous
stimuli
 Side effects include insomnia, weight
loss, headaches, irritability, nausea, and
dizziness

32. Videos
 Caffeine
Humor
◦ http://www.y
outube.com/
watch?v=Tq
FRP5lXTmE

33. Do you think of Caffeine as a
Drug?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Not sure
Yes
No
Notsure
53%
12%
35%
Why or why not?

34. Caffeine
 Sources of caffeine
 Coffee
 Tea
 Soda
 Chocolate
 Energy drinks
 Over-the-counter medications
 NoDoz
 Vivarin
 Anacin
 Excedrin
 Midol
 Diurex

35. What do you consider an
acceptable level of caffeine
intake?
A. None
B. One beverage a
day
C. 2-5 beverages a
day
D. Any level is ok
NoneOne
beverage
a
day2-5
beveragesa
day
Anylevelisok
0% 0%0%0%

36. Pharmacology
 Peak blood levels reached 30 minutes
after oral intake
 Half-life is about 3 hours
 Low-grade tolerance does develop

37. Mechanism of Action
 200 mg
◦ Increased arousal
◦ Mood-elevating effects
 500 mg
◦ Increased heart rate & respiration
◦ Paradoxical effect on blood vessels: dilation
◦ Constriction of blood vessels in the brain =
headache relief
◦ Increased basal metabolic rate (10%) in chronic
users
 Works on the neurotransmitter adenosine
(inhibitory)
◦ Blocks receptors

38. Effects
 Behavioral
◦ Stimulation
◦ Headache
◦ Hyperactivity
◦ Does not sober one up
 Concerns
◦ Panic attacks
◦ 1980s thought to have a link
to cancer, since disproven
◦ Reproduction
◦ Heart disease (large
amounts)
◦ Caffeinism

39. Should there be an age limit on
caffeine consumption?
A. Yes
B. No
Yes
No
0%0%

40. Considerations
 What age?
◦ Infants
◦ Toddlers
◦ School age
◦ Teenage
 What products?
◦ Energy drinks
◦ Soda
◦ Coffee
◦ Tea/iced tea
◦ Hot chocolate
◦ Chocolate

41. Videos
 Your brain on coffee
◦ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hbuCm
O8Bwhs&noredirect=1
◦ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gfntvR
Gwpvs
 Children and Caffeine
◦ http://guardianlv.com/2014/02/caffeine-is-
a-drug-for-kids-video/

42. Wrap-up
 How much
caffeine do
you
consume?
 1981 FDA:
limit of 6 mg
of caffeine
per ounce
◦ No labeling
required
Item Amount of Item Amount of Caffeine
Jolt soft drink 12 ounces 71.2 mg
Mountain Dew 12 ounces 55.0 mg
Coca-Cola 12 ounces 34.0 mg
Diet Coke 12 ounces 45.0 mg
Pepsi 12 ounces 38.0 mg
7-Up 12 ounces 0 mg
Brewed coffee
(drip method)
5 ounces 115 mg
Espresso 1 shot 64 mg
Tea 5 ounces 40 mg
Iced tea 12 ounces 70 mg
Dark chocolate 1 ounce 20 mg
Milk chocolate 1 ounce 6 mg
Cocoa beverage 5 ounces 4 mg
Chocolate milk beverage 8 ounces 5 mg
Cold relief medication 1 tablet 30 mg
Midol 1 tablet 32 mg
Excedrin 1 tablet 65 mg
Monster Energy Drink 16 ounces 160 mg
Red Bull 8 ounces 60 mg

43. Under what circumstances should a person
consider reducing caffeine intake?
A. When they are
cranky without it
B. When they have
health
complications
C. When they obsess
about it
D. Can’t think of a
time I’d give it up!
W
hen
theyare
cranky
w
...
W
hen
theyhavehealth
...
W
hen
theyobsessaboutit
Can’tthinkofa
tim
e
I’d
g...
0% 0%0%0%

44. Do you agree with the use of
medication for ADD/ADHD?
A. Yes
B. No
C. I’m not sure
Yes
No
I’m
notsure
0% 0%0% Response

45. Questions for Discussion 6
 List three benefits or risks of using
stimulant medication to treat
ADD/ADHD
 Do the benefits or risks change when
prescribing to children?
 Back up your points with research