7. Cocaine accounts for more ER
visits than any other illegal drug.
A. True
B. False
True
False
0%0%
8. History
Local anesthesia:
Dr. W. S. Halsted
Early psychiatric uses:
Sigmund Freud
Used to alleviate fatigue,
depression, opiate
addiction
Later opposed this use
9. Legal Control
46 states passed laws to regulate
cocaine between 1887 and 1914
Negative publicity about cocaine
influenced the passage of the 1914
Harrison Act
Anti-Drug Abuse Acts of 1986 and
1988
10. The majority of powder
cocaine users who enter
treatment are white, and the
majority of crack cocaine
users who enter treatment
are black.
A. True
B. False True
False
0%0%
11. Forms of Cocaine
Processing 500 kilograms of coca
leaves yields 1 kilogram of cocaine
12. Coca paste
Cocaine hydrochloride
Freebase
Crack or rock
13.
14. Mechanism of Action
Cocaine blocks reuptake of dopamine,
serotonin, and norepinephrine
15. The depressant effects of alcohol
reduce the stimulating effects of
cocaine, making serious side effects
less likely to occur.
A. True
B. False
True
False
0%0%
16. Administration/Elimination
Routes:
◦ Topical, snorting, IV, smoking
Cocaine is metabolized by
enzymes in the blood and liver
Cocaine has a half-life of
about one hour
Major metabolites (detected
by drug screens) have a half-
life of eight hours
18. Amphetamines
Ancient Chinese used ephedra
Chemical version in 1932 –
amphetamine
Used in WWII to fight fatigue
1960’s
Tighter control
19.
20. After Mexico, the largest producer of
methamphetamine is Canada, because
pseudoephedrine is not regulated there.
A. True
B. False
True
False
0%0%
21. Pharmacology
Chemical structure is similar to
catecholamine neurotransmitters
(adrenaline, noradrenaline)
Methamphetamine and amphetamine
both cross blood brain barrier
Increases activity of monoamine
neurotransmitters by stimulating their
release (dopamine, norepinephrine,
serotonin)
28. Ritalin, Adderall
Most commonly
prescribed drugs for
ADHD
Ritalin and other stimulants
enhance the functioning of the reticular
activating system, which helps children
focus attention and filter out extraneous
stimuli
Side effects include insomnia, weight
loss, headaches, irritability, nausea, and
dizziness
32. What do you consider an
acceptable level of caffeine
intake?
A. None
B. One beverage a
day
C. 2-5 beverages a
day
D. Any level is ok
NoneOne
beverage
a
day2-5
beveragesa
day
Anylevelisok
0% 0%0%0%
33. Pharmacology
Peak blood levels reached 30 minutes
after oral intake
Half-life is about 3 hours
Low-grade tolerance does develop
34. Mechanism of Action
200 mg
◦ Increased arousal
◦ Mood-elevating effects
500 mg
◦ Increased heart rate & respiration
◦ Paradoxical effect on blood vessels: dilation
◦ Constriction of blood vessels in the brain =
headache relief
◦ Increased basal metabolic rate (10%) in chronic
users
Works on the neurotransmitter adenosine
(inhibitory)
◦ Blocks receptors
35. Effects
Behavioral
◦ Stimulation
◦ Headache
◦ Hyperactivity
◦ Does not sober one up
Concerns
◦ Panic attacks
◦ 1980s thought to have a link
to cancer, since disproven
◦ Reproduction
◦ Heart disease (large
amounts)
◦ Caffeinism
36. Should there be an age limit on
caffeine consumption?
A. Yes
B. No
Yes
No
0%0%
37. Considerations
What age?
◦ Infants
◦ Toddlers
◦ School age
◦ Teenage
What products?
◦ Energy drinks
◦ Soda
◦ Coffee
◦ Tea/iced tea
◦ Hot chocolate
◦ Chocolate
38. Videos
Your brain on coffee
◦ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hbuCm
O8Bwhs&noredirect=1
◦ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gfntvR
Gwpvs
Children and Caffeine
◦ http://guardianlv.com/2014/02/caffeine-is-
a-drug-for-kids-video/
40. Under what circumstances should a person
consider reducing caffeine intake?
A. When they are
cranky without it
B. When they have
health
complications
C. When they obsess
about it
D. Can’t think of a
time I’d give it up!
W
hen
theyare
cranky
w
...
W
hen
theyhavehealth
...
W
hen
theyobsessaboutit
Can’tthinkofa
tim
e
I’d
g...
0% 0%0%0%
41. Do you agree with the use of
medication for ADD/ADHD?
A. Yes
B. No
C. I’m not sure
Yes
No
I’m
notsure
0% 0%0% Response
42. Questions for Discussion 6
List three benefits or risks of using
stimulant medication to treat
ADD/ADHD
Do the benefits or risks change when
prescribing to children?
Back up your points with research
Editor's Notes
Stimulants modify a person’s activity level, mood, and central nervous system
Some stimulants, such as cocaine and methamphetamines, are illegal
Others, such as amphetamines, require a prescription
Legal stimulants such as caffeine and nicotine are among the most widely used drugs in the world
Coca is a bush that grows in the Andes and produces cocaine
Coca has been harvested for thousands of years and actively cultivated for over 800 years
Natives of the Andes chewed coca leaves to give them greater strength and endurance
The coca leaf was an important part of Inca culture
Used in religious ceremonies and as currency
Cocaine comes from the leaves of the coca plant, Erythroxylon coca
Natives of the Andes Mountains chew coca leaves to relieve fatigue, for spiritual reasons, or to enhance well-being
Colombia is the largest producer of cocaine
Bolivia and Peru account for a small percentage of cocaine production
Coca wine: Angelo Mariani
Used coca leaf extract in many products including lozenges, tea, and, especially, wine
Coca extract was later used in the United States in early versions of Coca-Cola and in many patent medicines
1800s
420,000 in 2009
Powder cocaine accounts for three times as many ER visits
Local anesthesia: Dr. W. S. Halsted
Experimented with ability of cocaine to produce local anesthesia
Delivered via newly developed hypodermic syringe
Cocaine was isolated before 1860
Processing 500 kilograms of coca leaves yields1 kilogram of cocaine
Early psychiatric uses:Sigmund Freud
Studied use of cocaine as a treatment for depression and morphine dependence
Later opposed use of the drug after nursing a friend through cocaine psychosis
Cocaine was isolated from coca leaves by the German scientist Niemann around 1859
Freud recommended cocaine to alleviate opiate addiction, depression, and fatigue
Cocaine was originally included in Coca-Cola
The Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914 designated cocaine as a narcotic
46 states passed laws to regulate cocaine between 1887 and 1914
Press and politicians made unsubstantiated claims about cocaine use among southern blacks:
Widespread
Associated with increased violent crime
Negative publicity about cocaine influenced the passage of the 1914 Harrison Act
Cocaine use began to increase again at the end of the 1960s
Prior to 1985, the major form of the drug available was cocaine hydrochloride, which was snorted
Cocaine was relatively expensive and its use was associated with status, wealth, and fame
Then an inexpensive ($5 to $10 a hit) form of smokable cocaine became available—crack
Smoked cocaine has a greater abuse potential than snorted cocaine
Media and politicians focused on crack use among urban blacks
Associated with violence and dependency
Anti-Drug Abuse Acts of 1986 and 1988
Penalties for sale of crack cocaine significantly more severe than penalties associated with powder cocaine
Tougher penalties for first-time users of crack
Concerns about federal cocaine sentencing policy
Does it overstate the seriousness of most crack cocaine offenses?
Does it disproportionately affect the black community?
True but not by much. 48% of powder cocaine users are white, 53% of crack users are black
Coca paste
Crude extract created during the manufacture of cocaine
Can be mixed with tobacco and smoked
Cocaine hydrochloride
Most common form of pure cocaine
Stable water-soluble salt
Freebase
Prepared as a chemical base
Can be heated and the vapors inhaled
Crack or rock
Lumps of dried, smokable cocaine
Prepared by mixing cocaine with water and baking soda
Coca paste
Crude extract created during the manufacture of cocaine
Can be mixed with tobacco and smoked
Cocaine hydrochloride
Most common form of pure cocaine
Stable water-soluble salt
Freebase
Prepared as a chemical base
Can be heated and the vapors inhaled
Crack or rock
Lumps of dried, smokable cocaine
Prepared by mixing cocaine with water and baking soda
Readily available in all major U.S. cities
Street cocaine averages about 50-75 percent pure
Most illicit cocaine comes from Peru, Bolivia, and Columbia
Cocaine is an odorless, crystalline, white powder that produces intense euphoria, alertness, and energy
Cocaine may be used in a Brompton’s cocktail, which is used to manage cancer pain
Cocaine is used in surgical procedures on the facial areaCrack is usually smoked, but it can also be injected
Because it comes in small units, the cost is low
The euphoria is brief (about 10 to 20 minutes), and the desire to repeat usage is high
Crack use is a problem among impoverished, inner-city adolescents
Many addicts exchange sex for crack
Rates of AIDS are high
In 1984, laws mandated harsher penalties for individuals arrested for crack cocaine than for powder cocaine
In 2010, the United States Sentencing Commission reversed that law
The law was viewed as racially discriminating – 85% of offenders are African American, only 5% are White
Chemical structure does not tell us how or why cocaine affects the brain
Cocaine blocks reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine
Physical effects
Elevated blood pressure
Excessive perspiration
Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain
Headache
Tightened muscles
Slower digestion
Anorexia
Nutritional deficiencies
Rapid pulse
Faster breathing rate
Increased body temp
Urge to urinate, defecate, belch
Inflammation of trachea and bronchi
Hoarseness or laryngitis
Wheezing and coughing
Coughing up pus, mucus, blood
Seizures
Hallucinations
Physical effects of cocaine depend on how the drug enters the body
The speedball, an injected mixture of cocaine and heroin, carries a higher risk of dependency and overdose
Smoked cocaine can affect the heart to the point of congestive heart failure and death
Injected cocaine has been linked to inflammation of the heart lining and liver
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Talkativeness
Mood swings
Hallucinations
Repetitive behaviors
Extreme depression
Neglect of personal hygiene
Rage and violent behavior
Delusions
Distorted perceptions
Depersonalization
Suicidal ideation
Paranoia
Chewing or sucking coca leaves
Slow absorption and onset of effects
“Snorting” through nasal mucous membranes
Rapid absorption and onset of effects
Injected intravenously
Rapid and brief effects
Smoked
Rapid and brief effects
Cocaine is metabolized by enzymes in the blood and liver
Cocaine has a half-life of about one hour
Major metabolites (detected by drug screens) have a half-life of eight hours
Injected cocaine reaches the brain the fastest, and euphoria is rapid and intense
Snorted cocaine is absorbed into the bloodstream through the nasal mucous membranes
Crack cocaine is made by heating cocaine after mixing it with baking soda and water
Freebase cocaine is separated from its hydrochloride salt by heating, using a volatile chemical such as ether
Cocaine use increased again in the 1970s, accompanied by an increase in cocaine-related deaths
In the 1980s celebrity users made cocaine glamorous
In 2010, an estimated 1.5 million Americans aged 12 and older were cocaine users
ACUTE: Local anesthetic properties of cocaine were discovered in 1860, but the drug was not used medically until 1884
Synthesized drugs have largely replaced cocaine for medical use
Cocaine remains in use for surgery in the nasal, laryngeal, and esophageal regions
Acute cocaine toxicity causes profound CNS stimulation, which can lead to respiratory or cardiac arrest
Significant individual variation in the uptake and metabolism of cocaine
Difficult to estimate the size of a lethal dose
Rare, severe, and unpredictable reactions can cause cardiac failure
Cocaine combined with alcohol can cause the formation of the toxic chemical cocaethylene
CHRONIC: Risks of regularly snorting cocaine
Damage to the nasal septum
Paranoid psychosis
Damage to the heart muscle
Dependence occurs in some users
Animal and human studies have shown that cocaine is a powerfully reinforcing drug
Some people experience withdrawal symptoms
Cocaine use during pregnancy
Increased risk of miscarriage and torn placenta
Long-term effects of prenatal cocaine exposure still under study
DEPENDENCE
Cocaine users build up tolerance to the drug, but not to the health risks
Withdrawal symptoms include depression, lack of energy, poor appetite, restlessness, and agitation
Scientists are working on a vaccine for preventing addiction to cocaine and other drugs
WITHDRAWAL
Intense craving, agitation, anorexia, and deep depression –the desire for cocaine may increase
Withdrawal, during which the person is incapable of feeling normal pleasure, but depression moderates and sleeping becomes easier
Extinction, during which improvement is considerable, but periods of depression and craving can occur
The African hallucinogen ibogaine is a controversial drug given to cocaine addicts
Propranolol eases withdrawal symptoms, making it easier for cocaine addicts to remain in treatment
Disulfiram, a drug used to treat alcoholism, has also shown potential as a treatment for cocaine addicts
Typically cocaine addicts are given antidepressants to lessen withdrawal symptoms
DEATH
Cocaine can cause irregular heartbeat (cardiac arrhythmias), high blood pressure, chest pains and heart attacks
Coronary artery disease leading to death is relatively common in cocaine users
Some fatalities result from uncontrolled seizures, strokes, or paralysis of breathing muscles
People who inject cocaine are in danger of contracting HIV and other potentially fatal infections
PREGNANCY
1 out of every 25 women use an illegal drug while pregnant
Cocaine constricts blood vessels and reduces blood flow and oxygen to the fetus
Cocaine can cause detachment of the placenta, as well as premature labor
Cocaine may reduce immunity in the fetus, increasing the risk of HIV infection
Prenatal exposure to cocaine delays growth and language development
Some babies have neurological problems, perhaps caused by strokes before birth
Babies have higher rates of congenital heart defects, lower birth weights, seizures, and are at risk for sudden infant death
Babies tend to be born with smaller heads, and are more prone to urinary tract problems
The Chinese used a medicinal tea made from ma huang (Ephedra)
Active ingredient = ephedrine
Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic drug
Stimulates the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system
New synthesized chemical similar to ephedrine, called amphetamine, was patented in 1932
Amphetamine was used medically
Asthma
Narcolepsy
Hyperactivity in children
Appetite suppressant
Stimulant
Use by soldiers in World War II to fight fatigue
1960s
Amphetamine + heroin injected together = speedball
Most street amphetamines came from prescriptions
“Speed scene” = a time and place in which people used and became dependent on intravenous amphetamine
Amphetamines became more tightly controlled
Many look-alikes appeared
Some users switched back to cocaine
Illicit manufacture of methamphetamine grew
Limited amphetamine availability increased the number of illicit laboratories making methamphetamine
Manufacture of methamphetamine is dangerous and associated with toxic fumes and residue
Methamphetamine hydrochloride crystals
Ice or crystal meth
Smokable
Methamphetamine abuse began in the western United States and then spread east; it is also now considered a “club drug”
Amphetamines were developed as inhalers to treat asthma, sold under the name Benzedrine
Amphetamines were used for treating depression, for increasing work capacity, and for treating narcolepsy
It then was used to suppress appetite and ward off fatigue
In the late 1930s, it was given to hyperactive children
In the 1940s, Japan and Sweden had severe problems with amphetamine abuse
In the 1930s, people in the US could legally obtain amphetamines
In 1970, they represented about 8% of prescriptions
Countries in SE Asia are the second largest producers.
Canada contributes very little.
Chemical structure of amphetamine is similar to the catecholamine neurotransmitters
The structure of methamphetamine allows it to more easily cross the blood-brain barrier
Ephedrine and PPA are less able to cross the barrier and so produce more peripheral than central nervous system effects
Causes increased activity of monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin) by stimulating their release
Amphetamines can be administered by ingestion, injection, snorting, or inhalation
Tolerance develops quickly – many users increase the dosage or go on binges to maintain their high
Amphetamines are sympathomimetic drugs – their effects are similar to those in people who are emotionally aroused
Their chemical structure is similar to that of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine
The half-life is 10 to 12 hours, and they are not totally eliminated from the body for about two days
Amphetamines are removed from the body in two ways:
They are excreted through urine after being transformed by liver enzymes
They are deactivated and removed by adding molecules to the amphetamine compound
Peak effects
1.5 hours after oral ingestion
5-20 minutes after intranasal administration
5-10 minutes following intravenous injection or smoking
Half-life
5-12 hours
Rapid tolerance (tachyphylaxis) can occur after high doses
For every 4 girls with ADHD, 10 boys are diagnosed.
Previous use for depression to temporarily elevate mood
Adjunctive therapy- a treatment used together with primary treatment.
The benefit of amphetamines is that their effects occur rapidly compared with standard antidepressant medications.
Weight control
Widely use to reduce food intake and body weight
Effect is real but small
Combination of fenfluramine and phentermine was associated with heart valve damage and lung disease in some people
Narcolepsy (uncontrolled daytime episodes of muscular weakness and falling asleep)
Stimulants used to keep patients awake during the day
Newer drug modafinil (Provigil) promotes wakefulness by increasing the activity of norepinephrine and dopamine
Low abuse potential
Doesn’t induce tolerance
Treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Characterized by problems with inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
Stimulant medications can reverse catecholamine-associated deficits that may underlie ADHD
Due to side effects and concerns about the risk of abuse, other treatments for ADHD are being studied
“Smart pills”
At a low level of arousal, may improve performance
At a high level of arousal, may decrease performance, especially on complex or difficult tasks that require concentration
Athletics
Under some circumstances, may produce slight improvements in athletic performance
Acute behavioral toxicity
Increases in feelings of power, suspicion, paranoia
Potential risk of violent behavior
Very high doses may destroy catecholamine neurons
Contaminants formed during the manufacture of illicit methamphetamine may have toxic effects on brain cells
Paranoid psychosis
Two possible reasons for the psychosis
Heavy methamphetamine users have schizoid personalities.
Caused by sleep deprivation.
Higher risk among those who inject the drug
Often no obvious withdrawal symptoms
Produce psychological dependence
Capable of producing dependence as defined by DSM criteria
A potent reinforcer
Physical
Psychological effects include paranoia, violence, restlessness, agitation, hallucinations, confusion, and anxiety
Physical effects are tremors, tinnitus (ringing in ears), dry mouth, excessive perspiration, increased blood pressure, poor coordination, and convulsions
Amphetamines are especially harmful to the cardiovascular system and can cause cardiac arrest
Most people who are dependent on amphetamines experience withdrawal, continue using them despite problems, cannot stop, develop tolerance, and give up other activities to use amphetamines
Stimulants can improve mental and physical performance for simple tasks – but not for tasks requiring complex thinking, such as problem-solving and decision-making
High doses negatively affect judgment and decision-making skills, and can cause severe behavioral problems
Gross motor skills improve; fine motor skills are impaired
Amphetamine psychosis – marked by paranoia, aggressiveness, fearfulness, disordered thinking, mania, and hallucinations – is a significant problem related to chronic use
The Chemical Difference amphetamine/methamphetamine
The main difference between amphetamine and methamphetamine involves a bit of chemistry. The easiest way to explain this is as follows. Both drugs are stimulants of the central nervous system. However, amphetamine is chemically phenylethylamine, while methamphetamine is referred to as N-methylamphetamine.
These drugs are processed differently in the user's body due to the chemical makeup is different. Methamphetamine breaks down into amphetamine when it is metabolized. This means that the meth turns into amphetamine in the user's body and is excreted as amphetamine. Methamphetamine is a derivative of amphetamine. It was developed in the 1950's and was prescribed to people with depression, alcoholism, Parkinson's, and obesity. The public caught onto methamphetamine rather quickly and began to use it to stay alert and/or lose weight. Eventually it began to be heavily used by people, especially those working in the trucking industry. In 2000, a study was done and approximately 5% of people in the USA had used methamphetamines or were still using; this number is thought to be much greater.
Methamphetamines (speed) are more potent forms of amphetamine
“Speed freaks” go on binges, shooting up every few hours over a five- or six-day period before crashing
Many users take methamphetamines in conjunction with other drugs such as cocaine and marijuana
Speed
Ice
Crystal
Meth
Chicken powder
Go-fast
Glass
Crank
Christy
Crystal-meth
Chalk
Peanut butter-crank
Shabu-shabu
Zip
In the US, methamphetamines have become the number-one drug problem in rural areas
Types of harm associated with meth labs:
Physical injury from explosions, fires, chemical burns, and toxic fumes
Environmental hazards
Child endangerment
EFFECTS
Slurred speech
Loss of appetite
Excitement
Increased blood pressure and heart rate
Irregular heartbeat
Pounding heart
Severe chest pain
Hot flashes
Excessive perspiration
Anxiety
Tremors
Confusion
Insomnia
Convulsions
Memory loss
Violent behavior
Elevated body temp
Paranoia
Auditory hallucinations
Death
Ritalin (methylphenidate) and Adderall are the most prescribed drugs for ADHD
Ritalin and other stimulants enhance the functioning of the reticular activating system, which helps children focus attention and filter out extraneous stimuli
Side effects include insomnia, weight loss, headaches, irritability, nausea, and dizziness
Most widely used psychoactive drug
Some people regularly consume much more
Can cause dependence and interfere with functioning
Belongs to a class of chemicals known as xanthines
Three plants containing xanthines have been used by humans for thousands of years:
Coffee—from the Middle East
Tea—first grown in China
Cacao—from the Americas
All three played important cultural and economic roles
Coffee originated in Ethiopia
Legend of its discovery by an Ethiopian goat herder, Kaldi, who noticed unusually boisterous activity in his goats after they consumed the berries
The practice then spread to Egypt and other Arabic countries by the 1400s, throughout the middle east by the 1500s and into Europe in the 1600s.
Coffeehouses spread: a location to relax, learn the news of the day, seal bargains, and listen and learn from literary and political figures
England 1674: “The Women’s Petition Against Coffee” argued against the use of coffee on the grounds that it made men impotent
Coffee consumption in the United States
Use increased following taxation of tea and the American Revolution
Use also increased during and after Prohibition
Per capita U.S. coffee consumption
Peaked in 1946
Declined as soft drink consumption increased
Current = about 25 gallons of coffee per year
Originally: people chewed on coffee beans or put raw beans in hot water
Roasting improves the flavor, aroma, and color of the drink made from the beans
Coffeehouses and individuals originally roasted and ground their own beans
1790: Commercial roasting
1900: Vacuum packing for long-term storage of ground coffee
Introduced into the East Indies and then Latin America
About half of American coffee comes from Latin America, the rest from Vietnam, Indonesia, and Thailand
Over $5 billion was imported to the US in 2008
Variations in coffee characteristics
Different varieties of the coffee shrubs
caffea arabica- milder flavor, take longer to develop after planting and require a near tropical climate to grow.
caffea robusta- stronger and more bitter flavor and a higher caffine content, used in less expensive blends and to make instant coffee.
Different growing and processing conditions
Decaffeinated coffee
Soaking unroasted beans in an organic solvent removes the caffeine
Alternative Swiss water process not widely used
It removes more of the coffee’s flavor
Caffeine removed from coffee is used in the manufacture of soft drinks
The caffeine content of coffee depends on how it is prepared
Type Average caffeine content
Brewed, drip (5 oz) 115
Brewed, percolator (5 oz) 80
Instant (5 oz) 65
Decaffeinated, brewed (5 oz) 3
Decaffeinated, instant (5 oz) 2
Tea (Camellia sinensis) originated in China
Legend of its creation by Daruma, the founder of Zen Buddhism, who cut off his eyelids to remain awake while meditating
A new plant grew from the spot where his eyelids touched the earth, with leaves that made a brew that would keep a person awake
AD 350: Chinese manuscript describes many medicinal uses
AD 780: Nonmedical cultivation and use of tea
1610: Dutch delivered tea to Europe
English East India Company
Concentrated on importing spices, so the first tea was taken to England by the Dutch.
As demand grew, the company expanded its imports from China.
Most tea sold in coffeehouses
In Britain, major marketing campaigns promoted the switch from coffee to tea
After the American Revolution, to be a tea drinker was to be loyal to the Crown
Tea and the American Revolution
American colonists were big tea drinkers
Anger over a tax on tea that they had not helped formulate
“Taxation without representation”
Legal tea sales dropped due to a boycott
Illegal smuggling of tea increased
Tea and the American Revolution
A special arrangement was made for the English East India Company, angering American merchants
The result was “The Boston Tea Party” of 1773
Annual per capita tea consumption
4.5 pounds in the United Kingdom
1/2 pound in the United States
Tea starts its life on a four- to five-foot bush high in the mountains of China, Sri Lanka, India or Indonesia.
Bushes are regularly pruned to aid in harvesting new growth
Tea leaves are picked by hand, about every 6 to 10 days
Preparation: tea leaves are
Dried
Rolled to crush the cells in the leaves
Placed in a cool, damp place for fermentation (oxidation)
Black tea is fully oxidized leaves
Green tea is nonoxidized leaves
Oolong tea is greenish-brown and consists of partially oxidized leaves
Iced tea accounts for75 percent of all tea consumed in the U.S.
Flavored teas are mixtures of tea and mint, spices, or other flavors
Herbal teas contain a mix of plant leaves and flowers but no actual tea (see right)
Caffeine
Pound for pound, tea has more caffeine than coffee BUT
1 pound of tea leaves = 200 cups of tea
1 pound of coffee = 50 to 60 cups of coffee
Tea has about 40 to 60 mg of caffeine per cup depending on the type and strength of the brew
Theophylline
Tea contains a very small amount of theophylline
In high doses, theophylline is used as an asthma medication
Chocolate originated in Mesoamerica
Legend: Cacao tree was a gift to humans from paradise from the Aztec god Quetzalcoatl
Linnaeus named the cacao tree Theobroma, meaning “food of the gods”
Aztecs cultivated cacao widely, and the cacao bean was an important part of their economy and culture
Chocolatl—from the Mayan words choc (“warm”) and latl (“beverage”)—was a thick, bitter liquid flavored with vanilla
Cortez introduced chocolate into Europe
Chocolate drinking spread slowly
Chocolate was often sold alongside coffee and tea in established coffeehouses
Prior to 1828, the traditional Aztec process was still used
Cacao pods were dried in the sun, then roasted to remove the husk
Kernels were ground to obtain a thick liquid (baking chocolate)
1828: Dutch patent issued for a process that removes about two-thirds of the fat (cocoa butter) and produces a powder
1876: Milk chocolate introduced by the Swiss
Theobromine
Chocolate contains the unique xanthine theobromine
It acts in a parallel fashion to caffeine, but it is much less potent in its CNS effects
Caffeine
An average cup of cocoa contains about 4 mg of caffeine
Soft Drinks: Coca-Cola
Developed as a nerve tonic in the late 1800s; ingredients included:
Caramel
Fruit flavoring
Phosphoric acid
Caffeine
A secret mixture called Merchandise No. 5
Named for two flavoring agents: coca leaves and cola (kola) nuts
Up until 1906, the beverage did contain a small amount of cocaine
Other soft drinks
All types of soft drinks are popular
U.S. per capita soft drink consumption is about 50 gallons per year
Energy drinks
Over-the-counter medications
Caffeine is the world’s most frequently consumed stimulant
Tea contains caffeine and theophylline, a stimulant from the same chemical family as caffeine
Products containing caffeine include gum, mints, beer, candy, sunflower seeds, many prescription medicines, and chocolate
Another stimulant in chocolate, theobromine, is related chemically to caffeine but is less powerful
High-Caffeine energy drinks
The FDA does not regulate caffeine in food and drinks –however, it suggests that a safe level is 72 mg per 12 ounces
Many beverages such as Red Bull, Monster, and Rock Star exceed that level
To counter the sedating effects of alcohol, some individuals alternate with these high-energy drinks when drinking alcohol
DECAF
Caffeine is displaced from the coffee bean using a hot water solution – then is taken out of the water an organic solvent
The original solvent, trichloroethylene, is potentially carcinogenic – it was replaced by methylene chloride, which also might contribute to cancer
Decaffeinated coffee still has some caffeine: 5 mg to 32 mg per 10 to 12 ounces (compared to 100mg)
Three key xanthines
Caffeine
Theophylline
Theobromine
Time course
Rapid absorption if taken orally
Peak levels reached in 30 minutes
Half-life is about 3 hours
Dependence
Reinforcing properties
Withdrawal symptoms include headache and fatigue
Mechanism of action
Xanthines block inhibitory receptors for adenosine, thereby having a stimulant effect
Physiological effects
Stimulates the CNS and skeletal muscles
Causes sleep disturbances
Elevates mood
Constricts blood vessels in the brain
May explain the ability of caffeine to reduce migraine headaches
Stimulation
Caffeine partially offsets the effects of fatigue on both mental and physical tasks, but it may not improve performance in well-rested individuals
High caffeine consumption among college students is associated with lower academic performance
Headache treatment: Helps relieve both migraine and nonmigraine headaches
Hyperactivity treatment: High doses may decrease hyperactivity
Sobering up?
Caffeine does not lower blood alcohol concentration and will not help a person sober up
Caffeine acts as an antagonist to receptors for the inhibitory neurotransmitter adenosine
Peak effects occur 30 to 45 minutes after consumption
Caffeine use by well-conditioned athletes has been found to improve endurance on a short-term basis
Extreme caffeine intake has been linked to a low blood sugar condition called hypoglycemia
Caffeine is a xanthine – stimulants that improve work capacity, alertness, motor performance, and curb fatigue
Caffeine may delay the progression of Alzheimer’s disease; help asthmatics breathe easier; and may reduce risk of type 2 diabetes in younger and middle-aged women
Caffeine taken on an empty stomach releases stomach acids and digestive enzymes, causing an upset stomach
Side effects include nervousness, anxiety, insomnia, heartburn, and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome
Caffeine has been implicated in cardiovascular conditions from heart disease to hypertension
Caffeine might contribute to breast lumps, breast tenderness, and cysts
Caffeinated coffee decreases the likelihood of certain cancers
Mechanism of action
Xanthines block inhibitory receptors for adenosine, thereby having a stimulant effect
Physiological effects
Stimulates the CNS and skeletal muscles
Causes sleep disturbances
Elevates mood
Constricts blood vessels in the brain
May explain the ability of caffeine to reduce migraine headaches
Stimulation
Caffeine partially offsets the effects of fatigue on both mental and physical tasks, but it may not improve performance in well-rested individuals
High caffeine consumption among college students is associated with lower academic performance
Headache treatment: Helps relieve both migraine and nonmigraine headaches
Hyperactivity treatment: High doses may decrease hyperactivity
Sobering up?
Caffeine does not lower blood alcohol concentration and will not help a person sober up
There is no clear evidence that moderate caffeine consumption is dangerous
Cancer: Caffeine is not a risk factor in human cancer
Reproductive effects:
High consumption of caffeine reduces a woman’s chances of becoming pregnant and slows the growth of the fetus
Research is mixed on whether caffeine increases the risk of miscarriage
Heart disease: High intake of caffeine may increase the risk of heart attack, particularly in people with other risk factors
Caffeinism (excessive use of caffeine)
Toxicity is relatively low
It would require about 100 cups of coffee to receive a fatal dose from oral caffeine
Unpleasant symptoms do occur:
Nervousness
Irritability
Tremors
Muscle twitching
Insomnia
Flushed appearance
Elevated temperature
Palpitations
Heart arrhythmias
Gastrointestinal disturbances
At moderate levels, caffeine increases blood pressure, body temperature, blood sugar levels, metabolism, urination, and hand tremors, and decreases appetite and coordination
In large amounts, it causes nausea, diarrhea, shaking, headache, and nervousness
At worst, caffeine can cause convulsions, respiratory failure, and, if one drinks 70 to 100 cups of coffee, death
Caffeine users need the drug to achieve alertness and to eliminate withdrawal symptoms
Withdrawal symptoms appear in people who consume 2½ cups of coffee or more daily
Withdrawal symptoms include headache, depression, lethargy, lower energy level, drowsiness, and irritability
Excessive caffeine consumption resulting in caffeine dependency is called caffeinism
More than one-half of moderate coffee drinkers who stop drinking it experience moderate to severe headaches
Caffeinism is marked by irritability, depression, insomnia, headaches and morning lethargy
About one-fourth of users experience withdrawal symptoms when they discontinue drinking caffeine