Photometric
Road Class
MOT / Municipality
Recommendation
New Trends
Closing
The document discusses road lighting in Saudi Arabia and provides information on:
1) Key lighting terminology such as luminous flux, luminous intensity, illuminance, and luminance as well as the relationships between these terms. It also presents some basic lighting formulas.
2) Methods for calculating illuminance and luminance levels on roads using photometric data and factors like pole height, pole spacing, and light loss.
3) Saudi road classification systems from the Ministry of Transportation and municipalities and recommended lighting schemes from Saudi Lighting Company.
4) Trends in new road lighting technologies and references
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Road Lighting
1. ROAD LIGHTING
Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
Michael Santiago |REE.AILP.MIES.
LAD Engineer
Saudi Lighting Co.
Integrated Institute of Electrical Engineers
Central Region Chapter, Saudi Arabia
IIEE-CRCSA 5th Technical Seminar
May 10, 2013
White Palace Hotel
2. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
WIFM? – What’s in it for me?
A. THEORETICAL
Basic Lighting Terminologies
Fundamental Formulas
Manual Calculation & DIALux Verification
Photometric Data & Maintenance Factors
Road Lighting Class & Hierarchy
B. PRACTICAL
MOT & Municipality Kinds of Road
SLC Recommended Schemes
Latest Road Lighting Trends
3. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
Terminology
Formulas
Calculations
Photometric
Road Class
MOT / Municipality
Recommendation
New Trends
Closing
INTRODUCTION
Designing, developing and upgrading future-proof
road networks for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has a huge road network
connecting its major cities and neighboring countries.
It also has a large municipal and urban road network.
Due to its harsh climate as well as the absence of
maintenance management systems, the roads in the
Kingdom require major re-construction and re-design,
which in turn increases the cost of operations. The
Ministry of Transport in Saudi Arabia has allocated
SR11.3 billion in the current budget for 389 new road
projects with a total length of 6,600 kilometers in
various parts of the country. The ministry has also
allocated SR750 million for road maintenance and
SR50 million for conducting studies on 2,762 km of
new roads
SOURCE: http://www.roadsaudi.com/Event.aspx?id=487844
4. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
Terminology
Formulas
Calculations
Photometric
Road Class
MOT / Municipality
Recommendation
New Trends
REFERENCES
IESNA
http://ies.org/
Ministry of Transportation
Riyadh Municipality
https://www.mot.gov.sa/ar/Pages/home.aspx
http://urbplandep.alriyadh.gov.sa/Eng/
ILP
https://www.theilp.org.uk/home/
BS 5489 Part 1: 2003
http://shop.bsigroup.com/en/ProductDetail/?pid
=000000000030217237
IESNA RP-8
http://www.ies.org/store/product/roadwaylighting-1028.cfm
LICHT.DE
http://www.licht.de
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5. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
Terminology
Formulas
Calculations
Photometric
Road Class
MOT / Municipality
Recommendation
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DEFINITIONS: (Relationship of Each Terms)
Image Source: Zumtobel, The Lighting Handbook
Closing
6. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
Terminology
Formulas
Calculations
Photometric
Road Class
MOT / Municipality
Recommendation
New Trends
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DEFINITIONS: Luminous Flux (Φ)
Lumen Comparison
Lamp Data: Refer to Manufacturer
250W High Pressure
Sodium Tubular Clear Brand
Lamp
Lamp
Holder
SON-T 250W/220 E40 1SL
Philips
E40
NAV-T 250
Osram
E40
LU250/T/40
GE
E40
Lumen
Package
28,000
lumens
28,000
lumens
27,500
lumens
it is the rate at which light is emitted by a lamp.
It defines the visible light radiating from a light
source in all directions.
Symbol is (Φ)
Unit of Measure is lumen (lm)
Ratings are found in lamp manufacturers‘ lists.
Image Source: lichtwissen01_artificial_light.pdf
7. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
Terminology
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DEFINITIONS: Luminous Intensity (I)
I=
Image Source: www.technikerschule-beckum.de
is the concept for the concentration of light in a
specific direction, radiated per second.
It can also be defined as the luminous flux in a certain
direction, radiated per unit of solid angle (steradian).
Symbol is (I)
Unit of Measure is candela (cd)
In general a light source will not radiate its
luminous flux uniformly in all directions.
Image Source: lichtwissen01_artificial_light.pdf
8. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
Terminology
Formulas
Calculations
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Road Class
MOT / Municipality
Recommendation
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Luminous Flux (Φ) vs Luminous Intensity (I)
Normal 60W
Incandescent Lamp
Lamp Φ = 730 lm
Max I = 108.2 cd/klm
@62° below horizontal
Image Source: Wikipedia Images
Data Source: SLC Laboratory Testing
9. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
Terminology
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Road Class
MOT / Municipality
Recommendation
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Definitions: Illuminance (E), lux
Luxmeter
amount of luminous flux from a light source falling on
a given surface.
is measured both n horizontal and vertical
Symbol is (E)
Unit of Measure is lux (cd/m²)
Image Source: lichtwissen01_artificial_light.pdf
10. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
Terminology
Formulas
Calculations
Photometric
Road Class
MOT / Municipality
Recommendation
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Definitions: Luminance (L), cd/m²
Luminance Meter
Image Source: lichtwissen01_artificial_light.pdf
is the brightness of a luminous or illuminated surface
as perceived by the human eye.
it expresses the intensity of the light emitted or
reflected by a surface per unit area.
Symbol is (L)
Unit of Measure is candela (cd/m²)
11. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
Terminology
Formulas
Calculations
Photometric
Road Class
MOT / Municipality
Recommendation
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Luminance (L) vs Illuminance (E)
King Abdullah Tunnel Commissioning
Documenting Results
Image Source: lichtwissen01_artificial_light.pdf
Lux / Luminance Plotting
Luminance Measurements
Luxmeter Readings
12. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
Terminology
Formulas
Calculations
Photometric
Road Class
MOT / Municipality
Recommendation
Summary
Image Source: http://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/measuring-light-levels
New Trends
Closing
13. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
Terminology
Formulas
Calculations
Photometric
Road Class
MOT / Municipality
Recommendation
New Trends
Closing
Formulas: Illuminance (E) on a Surface
1. What is the possible length & width of an area if a lamp emits 250
lumens and the ground gets 10 lux?
Formula:
Given:
Solution:
m²
Image Source: SLC - FOL
Therefore :
Φ = 250 lm
A=
Φ
=
E
L = 5 m
E = 10 LUX
250 lm
10 lm/m²
W = 5 m
= 25
14. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
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Road Class
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Formulas: Illuminance (E) at a Perpendicular Point
2. What is the possible mounting height of a luminiare if its downward
intensity is 1600 cd and the lux meter measured 100 lux?
Formula:
Given:
Solution:
m²/sr
Image Source: SLC - FOL
Therefore :
Ep = 100 LUX
d² =
I
E
d = 4m
=
I = 1600 cd
1600 lm/sr
= 16
100 lm/m²
15. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
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MOT / Municipality
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Formulas: Illuminance (E) at a non-Perpendicular Point
3. A point source luminiare is placed at a parapet of 3m height. It is aimed
to the ground 4.5m away. When measured by a lux meter, it shows 10
lux. How much is the luminaire’s candela power?
Frmla:
opp=4.5m
Given:
adj =3m
E = 10 lux
tan Ɵ = 3/4.5 =
Solution: get Ɵ, so
33.69
Ɵ = 56.31°
then, d = 3 ² + 4.5 ²
d = 5.408 m
E xd²
10 lm/m² x
(5.408m) ²
then, I =
Therefore :
=
cos Ɵ
I = 542.97 cd
cos 56.31 °
16. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
Terminology
Formulas
Calculation
Photometric
Road Class
MOT / Municipality
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Formulas: Illuminance (E) at a Point on the Road
Perpendicular Illuminance:
Inverse Square Law:
Since:
D = H / cos Φ,
and LLF included
Cosine Cubed Law as:
Therefore the summation of all calculated/measured results of
each point divided by the total number of points is what we call
Average Roadway Illuminance (Eave).
ANSI/IESNA RP-8-00 Annex A4
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17. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
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Road Class
MOT / Municipality
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Formulas: Pavement Luminance (L) at a Point
L = Pavement Luminance from one individual
luminaire at point P
I = Intensity at angles gamma and phi
r = Reduced coefficient of reflectance at
angles gamma and beta
MF = Multiplying Factor used by the r-Table
(often 10,000)
H = Luminaire mounting height above the pavement
surface (meters)
LLF = Light Loss Factor
Therefore the summation of all calculated/measured results of
each point divided by the total number of points is what we call
Average Roadway Luminance (Lave).
ANSI/IESNA RP-8-00 Annex A4
18. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
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Formulas: Pole Spacing
Eave = Average Illuminance (E) in lux
Φ = Initial Flux in lumens
CU = Coefficient of Utilization, Street Side
MF = Maintenance Factor or LLF
WR = Width of Roadway in meters
PS = Pole Spacing in meters
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
7435-250W MH Lamp with 19,000 lumens
7m Road width, 6m Pole Height
Maintenance Factor as 70%
What is the ideal Pole Spacing to achieve average
illuminance of 20 lux?
To get CU,
Road Width / Pole Height
Therefore to get Pole Spacing:
= 7m / 6m = 1.6
Therefore,
Street Side CU is 0.4
19. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
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Formulas: Pole Spacing
Eave = Average Illuminance (E) in lux
Φ = Initial Flux in lumens
CU = Coefficient of Utilization, Street Side
MF = Maintenance Factor or LLF
WR = Width of Roadway in meters
PS = Pole Spacing in meters
Therefore to get Pole Spacing:
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
7435-250W MH Lamp with 19,000 lumens
7m Road width, 6m Pole Height
Maintenance Factor as 70%
What is the ideal Pole Spacing to achieve average
illuminance of 5 lux?
Given Values:
CU = 0.4
MF = 0.7
Φ = 19,000 lm
WR = 7.0 m
Eave = 20 lux
Solution:
19000 lm x 0.40 x 0.70
PS =
7.0 m x 20 lm/m2
PS = 38m
Let’s Verify the Result in DIALux!
20. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
Terminology
Formulas
Calculation
Photometric
Road Class
MOT / Municipality
Recommendation
Formulas: Pole Spacing
New Trends
Closing
21. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
Terminology
Formulas
Calculation
Photometric
Road Class
MOT / Municipality
Recommendation
Formulas: Pole Spacing
New Trends
Closing
22. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
Terminology
Formulas
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Road Class
MOT / Municipality
Recommendation
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Pole Details
TYPICAL POLE SETBACK
Design
Speed
Pole
Setback
50 kmh
0.8 m
80 kmh
1.0 m
100 kmh
1.5 m
120 kmh
1.5 m
BS EN 5489-1:2003 Section 5.2.1.2
RECOMMENDATIONS*
Pole
Heights
6.0 m
8.0 m
10.0 m
≥ 12.0 m
Pole Arm
Length
0.5 m
1.0 m
1.5 m
2.0 m
Arm Tilts
5°, 10°, 15°
5°, 10°, 15°
5°, 10°, 15°
5°, 10°, 15°
*Common Practice
23. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
Terminology
Formulas
Calculation
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Road Class
MOT / Municipality
Recommendation
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Formulas: Maintenance Factor (MF) or Light Loss Factor (LLF)
GE LUCALOX
Tubular HPS Lamp
LU 70/90/MO/T/E27 1/25
LU100/100/MO/T/40
LU150/100/40
LU250/T/40
LU400/T/40
LU1000/110/T/40 4pk
INITIAL
LUMENS
MEAN
LUMENS
LLD
6,473
9,880
15,490
28,750
6,000
9,600
15,000
28,500
48,300
48,000 99.38%
133,340
130,000 97.50%
Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LLD) –
Information about the chosen lamp and
its lumen depreciation and mortality are
available from lamp
manufacturers’ tables and graphs.
92.69%
97.17%
96.84%
99.13%
Luminaire Dirt Depreciation (LDD) – is
determined by estimating from the
appropriate dirt condition curve and the
proper elapsed time in years of the
assumed cleaning cycle.
ANSI/IESNA RP-8-00 Annex A4
24. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
Terminology
Formulas
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Road Class
MOT / Municipality
Recommendation
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Calculation & Measurement Grids
Key to the Figure
1 - Edge of Lane (required per lane)
2 - Last luminaire in calculation field
3 - Field of calculation
4 - Centre-line of lane
5 - First luminaire in calculation field
6 - Observation direction
7 - Observer's longitudinal position (60m away from
beginning of 1st luminiare)
X - denotes lines of calculation points in the
transverse and longitudinal directions.
BS EN 13201-3:2003 Section 7.1.4
In the longitudinal direction
D=S/N
For S≤30m, N = 10
D - is the spacing between points in the
longitudinal direction, in metres
For S≥30m, N = 10 but D = 3m (min)
S - is the spacing between luminaires in
the same row, in metres
D/2 – space on both ends
In the transverse direction
d = WL / 3
d - is the spacing between points in the
transverse direction, in metres
WL - is the width of the lane, in metres
d/2 - space on both ends
Sample DIALux Grid
25. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
Terminology
Formulas
Calculation
Photometric
Road Class
MOT / Municipality
Recommendation
New Trends
Luminaire Cutoff Classifications
SOURCE: ANSI/IESNA RP-8-00 Section 2.4.2
A201
Full-Cutoff
5393/4
Cutoff
7435
Semi-Cutoff
M250R2
Non-Cutoff
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26. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
Terminology
Formulas
Calculation
Photometric
Road Class
MOT / Municipality
Recommendation
New Trends
Light Distribution Patterns
Type
Description
Type I
- is ideal for narrow walkways or bike paths. It's intended to be located at or near
the center of the pathway, approximately two mounting heights in width.
Type II
- is ideal for wider walkways, entrance roadways, bike paths and other long and
narrow lighting applications. Intended to be located near the side of a roadway,
approximately 1.75 mounting heights in width.
Type III
- is ideal for roadway, general parking, and other area lighting applications.
Intended to be located near the side of the area, approximately 2.75 mounting
heights in width.
Type IV
-is especially suited for wall mounting applications and for illuminating the
perimeter of parking areas. Intended to be located near the side of the area,
which is over 2.75 mounting heights in width. It produces a semicircular
distribution with essentially the same candlepower at lateral angles from 270 to 0
to 90 degrees.
Type V
- is ideal for general parking and area lighting applications. Intended to be located
at or near the center of an intersection or in a large area, since it has no beams
but produces a circular distribution with essentially the same candlepower at all
lateral angles.
IESNA Lighting Handbook 8th Edition, Chapter 22
Pattern
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27. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
Terminology
Formulas
Calculation
Photometric
Road Class
MOT / Municipality
Recommendation
New Trends
Closing
Lighting Classes According to BS EN 13201-2:2003
ME Lighting Class - intended
for drivers of motorized
vehicles on traffic routes of
medium to high driving speeds.
CE Lighting Class – intended
for drivers of motorized
vehicles, and other road users,
on conflict areas such as
shopping streets, road
intersections of some
complexity, roundabouts,
queuing areas etc.
S Lighting Class - intended for
pedestrians and pedal cyclists
on footways, cycleways,
emergency lanes and other
road areas lying separately or
along the
carriageway of a traffic route,
and for residential roads,
pedestrian streets, parking
places, schoolyards etc.
28. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
Terminology
Formulas
Calculation
Photometric
Road Class
MOT / Municipality
Recommendation
New Trends
Lighting Classes According to BS EN 13201-2:2003
Different Types of Illuminances (E) per Lighting Class
Closing
29. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
Terminology
Formulas
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Photometric
Road Class
MOT / Municipality
Recommendation
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Lighting Classes According to BS EN 13201-2:2003
A Lighting Class – Similar to S Lighting Class but is defined in
terms of hemispherical illuminance as preferred by certain
countries.
ES Lighting Class – intended as additional classes for
pedestrian areas for the purposes of reducing crime and
suppressing feelings of insecurity. The criteria are in terms of
semi-cylindrical
illuminance
EV Lighting Class – intended as additional classes in situations
where vertical surfaces need to be seen, e.g. interchange
areas & toll booths. The criteria are in terms of vertical
illuminance.
30. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
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MOT / Municipality
Recommendation
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Luminous Intensity Classes from BS EN 13201-2:2003 Annex A
In some situations it can be necessary to restrict disability glare from installations where the threshold increment (TI)
cannot be calculated. A class can be chosen to meet appropriate requirements for restriction of disability glare and/or the
control of obtrusive light.
NOTE 1 The threshold increment (TI) measures the veiling luminance caused by disability glare in relation to the average road surface luminance,
approximately in proportion. The lamp output affects both terms equally and, therefore, the intensities in proportion to the lamp output are
used in the Table.
NOTE 2 G.1, G.2 and G.3 correspond to "semi cut-off" and "cut-off" concepts of traditional use, with requirements, however, modified to suit the
prevailing use of light sources and luminaires. G.4, G.5 and G.6 correspond to full cut-off.
31. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
Terminology
Formulas
Calculation
Photometric
Road Class
MOT / Municipality
Recommendation
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Closing
Glare Index Classes from BS EN 13201-2:2003 Annex A
Table 2 gives glare index classes D.0, D.1, D.2, D.3, D.4, D.5 and D.6 from which a class can be
chosen to meet appropriate requirements for restriction of discomfort glare.
The glare index is I x A-0.5, unit cd/m, where:
I is the maximum value of the luminous intensity (cd) in any direction forming an angle of 85°
from the downward vertical.
32. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
Terminology
Formulas
Calculation
Photometric
Road Class
MOT /Min Reqt
Recommendation
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Closing
KSA – MOT Lighting Design Standards
REFLECTED
LIGHTING
Complete Brightness
Symbol & Unit of
INTERCHANGES MAIN ROAD
Measure
SERVICE
ROADS
UNDERBRIDGES
(day/night)
3.0
2.0
1.0
na
Overall Homogeneity
LAVE (cd/m²)
Uo
0.4
0.4
0.4
na
Homogeneity per lane
UL
0.7
0.7
0.7
na
EAVE
45 lux
35 lux
20 lux
750 lux / 65 lux
Lux Homogeniety G1
EMIN / EAVE
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
Lux Homogeniety G2
EMIN / EMAX
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
Horizontal Ave Lux
Cloverleaf Interchange
Main Roads
Ministry of Transportation
Service Roads
33. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
Terminology
Formulas
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Photometric
Road Class
MOT/Municipality
Recommendation
New Trends
KSA – MOT Lighting Design Standards
RECOMMENDATION FOR INTERCHANGES
500m Radius from Center of Interchange
8 – Lanes, 14.6m both side with 20m Median
High Mast Scheme:
6 x SAUDILIGHTING XP201/5-1000B.SA.GL
1000W HPS Sodium, 130000 lumens
30m High Mast On Median
0.5 m High Mast Ring Radius with no tilt
100 m Pole Spacing
Results
Mast Profile
Pole Spacing/Arrangement
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34. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
Terminology
Formulas
Calculation
Photometric
Road Class
MOT/Municipality
Recommendation
New Trends
KSA – MOT Lighting Design Standards
RECOMMENDATION FOR MAJOR ROADS
8 – Lanes, 14.6m both side with 9m Median
High Mast Scheme:
4 x SAUDILIGHTING XP201/5-1000B.SA.GL
1000W HPS Sodium, 130000 lumens
30m High Mast On Median
0.5 m High Mast Ring Radius with no tilt
100 m Pole Spacing
Mast Profile
Pole Spacing/Arrangement
Results
Closing
35. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
Terminology
Formulas
Calculation
Photometric
Road Class
MOT /Min Reqt
Recommendation
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LED Replacement for Municipality Streetlighting
REFLECTED
LIGHTING
Complete Brightness
Symbol & Unit of
MAIN ROADS MINOR ROADS PARKING AREA
Measure
1.0
0.75
na
Overall Homogeneity
LAVE (cd/m²)
Uo
0.4
0.4
na
Homogeneity per lane
UL
0.7
0.6
na
EAVE
20 lux
10 lux
5 lux
Horizontal Ave Lux
Riyadh Municipality
Main Roads
Minor Roads
Parking/Walkway Areas
36. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
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Formulas
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Road Class
MOT /Min Reqt
Recommendation
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Closing
HEIRARCY OF ROADS
Type of Road
Pole Height
Lamp Wattage
Freeway
25m to 30m
600W to 1000w
Arterial Road
12m to 16m
400w to 600w
Collector Road
8m to 12m
400w to 600w
Local
6m to 8m
250w to 400w
Park/walkways
4m to 6m
70w to 250w
37. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
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Photometric
Road Class
MOT /Min Reqt
Recommendation
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Closing
LED Replacement for Municipality Streetlighting
MAIN ROADS
Luminiare Details
SLC RL2R 5-Module
525mA
12m high Pole with 2m double straight arm with 5° tilt on Median Arrangement
Luminiare Flux
Luminaire Lave: 1.0 cd/m²
U0: 0.40
UL: 0.70
TI < 15
SR > 0.50
Power
Road 1 Road 2 Road 1 Road 2 Road 1 Road 2 Road 1 Road 2 Road 1 Road 2
10982 lumens
116.3 W
1.09
1.03
0.48
0.49
0.93
0.93
13
11
0.97
0.97
SLC 7435 250W HPS LHP1 19808 lumens
275.0 W
1.47
1.47
0.40
0.40
0.79
0.79
11
11
0.88
0.88
MINOR ROADS
Luminiare Details
SLC RL2R 2-Module
525mA
9m high Pole with 1.5m double straight arm with 5° tilt on Median Arrangement
Luminiare Flux
4894 lumens
SLC 7435 150W HPS LHP1 10233 lumens
PARKING LOT
Luminiare Details
Luminaire Lave: 0.75 cd/m²
U0: 0.40
UL: 0.60
TI < 15
SR > 0.50
Power
Road 1 Road 2 Road 1 Road 2 Road 1 Road 2 Road 1 Road 2 Road 1 Road 2
51.5 W
0.85
0.83
0.52
0.53
0.95
0.96
12
11
0.87
0.87
170.0 W
1.11
1.11
0.67
0.67
0.74
0.74
7
7
0.82
0.82
6m high Pole with 1m
double straight arm with 5°
tilt on Parking Divider
Luminiare Flux
Luminaire
Power
SLC RL2R 1-Module
525mA
2435 lumens
28.2 W
SLC 7422 70W HPS
3781 lumens
83.0 W
5-Module LED
@ 158W Savings
2-Module LED
@ 118.5W Savings
1-Module LED
@ 54.8W Savings
38. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
Terminology
Formulas
Calculation
Photometric
Road Class
MOT /Min Reqt
Recommendation
New Trends
Closing
International Dark Skies Association
~ Light Tresspass
~ Bright Night Sky
~ Spill Light
~ Animal Behaviors
Recommendations
Lighting Zones
Curfew
Cut-off Luminaires
Shielded Luminaires
Image Source: FOL
39. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
Terminology
Formulas
Calculation
Photometric
Road Class
MOT /Min Reqt
Recommendation
Passive Safety Poles & Columns
CSS-SLL Passive Safety
New Trends
Closing
40. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
Terminology
Formulas
Calculation
Photometric
Road Class
MOT /Min Reqt
Recommendation
New Trends
Improved Maintenance Factor
High Mounting Poles and Avoiding to
use Bowl Diffusers, improve
Maintenance Factor of Luminaires
Reference: CSS-SLL Maintenance Factor
Closing
41. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
Terminology
Formulas
Calculation
Photometric
Road Class
MOT /Min Reqt
Recommendation
New Trends
Closing
Helpful Links
Download DIALux Software:
http://www.dial.de/DIAL/en/dialux/download.html
Download SLC – DIALux Plugins:
http://www.dial.de/download/SaudiLighting/SaudiLightingCatalogue0811_20081107.exe
Download SLC Latest Product Catalogue:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/8ehxtldaj88g13y/SLC-Essential%20Catalogue%20%28Inside%20Pages%29%20FinalLow.pdf
Visit my Blog at: http://dialuxworks.wordpress.com/
42. ROAD LIGHTING | Lighting Saudi Arabian Roads
Terminology
Formulas
Calculation
Photometric
Road Class
MOT /Min Reqt
Helpful Links
Recommendation
New Trends
Closing
Editor's Notes
In general a light source will not radiate its luminous flux uniformly in all directions. If however, we imagine a sufficiently narrow cone, with its vertex at the light source (which is considered as a point), then the luminous flux contained in this cone will approximate a uniform distribution. The concentration of luminous flux within this narrow cone can now be defined as the luminous flux in this cone, divided by the opening of the cone, expressed in terms of the solid angle of the cone. The result is called the luminous intensity (I), measured in candelas (cd), in the direction of the center-line of the cone.
In general a light source will not radiate its luminous flux uniformly in all directions. If however, we imagine a sufficiently narrow cone, with its vertex at the light source (which is considered as a point), then the luminous flux contained in this cone will approximate a uniform distribution. The concentration of luminous flux within this narrow cone can now be defined as the luminous flux in this cone, divided by the opening of the cone, expressed in terms of the solid angle of the cone. The result is called the luminous intensity (I), measured in candelas (cd), in the direction of the center-line of the cone.
In general a light source will not radiate its luminous flux uniformly in all directions. If however, we imagine a sufficiently narrow cone, with its vertex at the light source (which is considered as a point), then the luminous flux contained in this cone will approximate a uniform distribution. The concentration of luminous flux within this narrow cone can now be defined as the luminous flux in this cone, divided by the opening of the cone, expressed in terms of the solid angle of the cone. The result is called the luminous intensity (I), measured in candelas (cd), in the direction of the center-line of the cone.