2. ZINC
A silvery-white metal which is a constituent of brass and is used for coating.
Price : 184,898.50 per metric ton(184 ₹/kg)
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
• Zinc ores sphalerite are dug from underground mines using conventional
blasting, drilling, and hauling techniques.
• Oil and sulfuric acid are required for the breakdown of the ores through the
process of smelting.
• Zinc can also be produced by a process called froth flotation, which is also
used for reduction of copper and lead ore.
3. .
PROPERTIES
• Strength: Zinc is a weak metal with a tensile strength less than half that of
mild carbon steel.
• Toughness: Pure zinc has low toughness and is generally brittle, but
zinc alloys generally have high impact strength.
• Ductility: Between 212-302 oF zinc becomes ductile and malleable, but at
elevated temperatures reverts to a brittle state.
• Conductivity: Zinc’s conductivity is moderate for a metal. Its strong
electrochemical properties, however, serve well in the galvanizing process.
4. USES
• Zinc is currently the fourth most widely consumed metal in
the world after iron, aluminium, and copper.
• One of the biggest uses of zinc is in making protective
coatings for steel.
• Pure zinc metal sheets have been used in roofing and
panelling systems.
• Zinc oxide is widely used in the manufacture of very many
products such as paints, rubber, plastics, batteries, textiles
and electrical equipment.
6. COPPER
It is a reddish-orange soft, malleable and ductile metal with
very high thermal and electrical conductivity.
Price : 384.85 ₹/Kg
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
• Copper is mined in open pits and below ground.The ore usually
contains less than 1% copper and is often associated with sulphide
minerals.
• Pyrometallurgy or smelting, is used on ore with copper sulphide
and iron sulphide minerals.
7. PROPERTIES
• Colour: It is reddish brown colour in nature.
• Ductility: It is highly malleable and ductile at ordinary temperature. It
becomes brittle near melting point.
• Conductivity: Its conductivity is almost as much as that of silver, the
best conductor among all the metals.
• Alloying: Copper can be combined with other metals to make alloys.
The most well known are brass and bronze.
8. USES
• Copper has been one of the metals used to make coins, along with
silver and gold.
• Most copper is used in electrical equipment such as wiring and
motors because it conducts heat and electricity very well.
• It also has uses in construction (for example roofing and plumbing),
and industrial machinery (such as heat exchangers).
• Copper sulphate is used widely as an agricultural poison and as an algicide in
water purification
9. MATERIALS
Oak park public library, U.S.A
Cathedral-Basilica, in
Montreal. At the transept
crossing in front of the
main altar stands
the Baldacchino with red
copper
10. LEAD
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
• Galena, a lead sulphide mineral (PbS), is the primary ore of lead.
• Plants for the production of lead are generally referred to as lead smelters.
Primary lead production begins with sintering.
• Lead is usually smelted in a blast furnace, using the lead sinter produced in
the sintering process and coke to provide the heat source.
• The refined lead may be made into alloys or directly cast.
A heavy, comparatively soft, malleable, bluish-grey metal,
sometimes found in its natural state.
Price : 148.60₹/kg
11. PROPERTIES
• Colour : Lead is Bluish-White colour in nature.
• Ductility : It is malleable and ductile so is capable of being
shaped or bent.
• Conductivity : Lead is a poor conductor so provides poor
transmission of heat or electricity.
• Corrosion : Very resistant to corrosion but tarnishes upon
exposure to air.
12. USES
• The single most important commercial use of lead is in the manufacture
of lead-acid storage batteries (see battery, electric).
• Lead Sheet is used in the building industry for flashings or weathering to
prevent water penetration & for roofing and cladding.
• Used extensively in paints, although recently the use of Lead in paints is
reduced to eliminate or reduce health hazards.
• Lead is used to make bearings, solder, antifriction metals, and type metal.