This document provides an analysis of meaning presented by Mahnoor Fatima and Maryam Bibi. It discusses Eugene Nida's work in the 1960s which led to a breakthrough in translation theory. There are two main types of meanings explored: referential meanings, which refer to objects or notions in the real world, and connotative meanings, which are the emotions and associations connected to words. Examples of how words can have positive, negative, or neutral connotations are given. The document also describes hierarchical and componential analyses of meanings, breaking words down into their constituent semantic components to clarify relationships between terms.

1. Analysis Of
Meaning
Presented by Mahnoor Fatima
Maryam Bibi
Presented to Ma’am Munaza

2. INTODUCTION:
• In early 1960’s translation theory underwent a quantum leap with the work
of American Eugene Nida.
• There are generally two types of meanings:
• Referential meaning
• Connotative meaning

3. Referential meaning
• Referential meaning is the meaning that refers to an object or a notion
outside the language, or that refers to an entity in the external world, so
referential meaning is extra-linguistic, situational meaning – the meaning that
occurs in a particular context. It is also called dictionary meaning.
• Polysemous words are those which have several meanings for example chair.
• Figurative meanings are those which need to be distinguished from literal
meaning for example father of an invention and father of a child.

4. Connotative meanings
• The other area explored by Nida is Connotative meaning.
• the emotions and associations connected to a word is known as its
connotative meaning. Depending on our experiences, certain words have a
positive, negative, or neutral connotation.

5. examples
• Below are a few connotation examples. Their suggested meanings are shaped
by cultural and emotional associations:
• A dog connotes shamelessness or an ugly face.
• A dove implies peace or gentility.
• Home suggests family, comfort and security.

6. Hierarchical Analysis
• In hierarchical analysis, we treat meanings as a kind
of hierarchically structural relationships in which
each word holds a certain rank, the meaning of an
upper term can include that of its lower term.

7. Superordinate & Subordinate
• The upper term is more general and is called superordinate; the
lower term is more specific and is called subordinate (hyponym).
The meaning of superordinate can include that of Subordinate
(hyponym).
• Hyponymy involves us in the notion of meaning inclusion and it
is a matter of class membership.

8. Animals
Amphibians Reptiles Mammals
Dog Bat Human beings
Generic term
Lower level
Lower level
Diagram of hierarchical structure

9. Componential Analysis
• In addition to hierarchical analyses, Nida adopts (Larson’s
principles) componential analysis to analyze the meaning of
related words, which provided that the relationships between
terms are based upon certain shared and contrastive features. In
other words, the approach of componential analysis functions as
breaking down the meanings of terms into their respective
constituents of meaning, then comparing these semantic
components in order to clarify the meanings of terms.

10. Example;
Dog [+ noun] [+ animate] [+ young] [- female]
Pen [+ noun] [+ inanimate] [+ concrete] [- abstract]
Grand mother [+ noun] [+ animate] [+ married] [- male]
Idea [+ noun] [+ inanimate] [+abstract] [- concrete]
Words Componential Analysis

11. Thanks