human cultural and biological evolution

2.  THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF
MODERN HUMANS CAN BE EXPLAINED
THROUGH THE STUDY OF BIOLOGICAL
AND CULTURAL EVOLUTION.
HOMINIDS HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS

3. • REFERS TO THE CHANGES,
MODIFICATIONS, AND
VARIATIONS IN THE
GENETICS AND INHERITED
TRAITS OF BIOLOGICAL
POPULATION FROM ONE
GENERATION TO ANOTHER.

4. • IN STUDYING BIOLOGICAL
EVOLUTION, SCIENTISTS
STUDY THE CHANGES IN THE
SHAPE AND SIZE OF THEIR
BONES, BRAINS, DENTTION,
AND FINGERS FOR INSTNACE.

5. • CHANGES IN POSTURE,
MOVEMENT, AND THE
DEVELOPMENT OF
BIPEDALISM OR WLAKING
ON THE TWO FEET IN AN
UPRIGHT POSITION

6. • REFERS TO THE CHANGES
OR DEVELOPMENT IN
CULTURES FROM A SIMPLE
FORM TO A MORE COMPLEX
FORM OF HUMAN CULTURE.

7. FOSSILS
REFER TO HUMAN, PLANT
AND ANIMAL REMAINS THAT
HAVE BEEN PRESERVED
THROUGH TIME LIKE HUMAN
OR ANIMAL TEETH, SKULL
AND BONE FRAGMENTS.

8. ARTIFACTS
• REFER TO OBJECTS THAT
WERE MADE AND USED BY
HUMANS
• EXAMPLE: STONE TOOLS,
METALTOOLS, CERAMICS,
EARTHENWARE, BURIAL
JARS, ORNAMENTS

9. HOMINID
• THE GENERAL TERM USED BY
SCIENTISTS TO CATEGORIZED
THE GROUP OF EARLY
HUMANS AND OTHER
HUMANLIKE CREATURES THAT
CAN WALK ERECT DURING
THE PREHISTORIC TIMES.

10. CHARLES DARWIN
•NATURAL SELECTION
•EVOLUTION OF MAN

11. CATEGORIES OF HOMINID
SAHELANTHROPUS
ARDIPITHECUS
AUSTRALOPITHECUS
HOMO

12. SAHELANTHROPUS
SAHELANTHROPUS TCHADENSIS
• 6-7 MILLION YEARS AGO
• APELIKE AND HUMANLIKE
CHARACTERISTICS
• HEIGHT SIMILAR WITH THE
CHIMPANZEE
• 320-380 CUBIC CENTIMETER- BRAIN
SIZE
• TEETH SIMILAR TO OTHER HOMINIDS

13. SAHELANTHROPUS
ORRORIN TUGENENSIS
•5-7 MILLION YEARS
AGO

14. ARDIPITHECUS
• ARDIPITHECUS KADABBA (5-6 MILLION YEARS AGO)
• ARDIPITHECUS RAMIDUS (4.4 MILLION YEARS AGO
ARDIPITHECUS “MEANS APE ON THE GROUND”
RAMIDUS MEANS “ROOT”
HEIGHT OF ABOUT 4 FEET
WEIGHT OF ABOUT 120 POUNDS
SKULL SIZE SIMILAR TO AN APE
SMALL BRAIN
BIPED (WALKS ON TWO LEGS OR FEET)
LIVED IN JUNGLES AND FORESTS LIKE THE
CHIMPANZEES

15. AUSTRALOPITHECUS
• “SOUTHERN APE”
• LIVED IN AFRICAN JUNGLE FROM 5 MIL. TO
1 MIL. YEARS AGO
• BRAIN WEIGHT OF 500 CC OR ALMOST 1/3
OF THE SIZE OF THE MODERN HUMAN
BRAIN
• UPRIGHT
• TOOL USERS ONLY AND NOT TOOL
MAKERS
• USED STICKS AND STONES FOR DIGGING

16.  DISTANCE OF MOVEMENT
WAS ESTIMATED TO BE 15
KILOMETERS
ATE INSECTS, EGGS, PLANTS,
FRUITS
AND SOMETIMES MEAT.

17. CATEGORY OF AUSTRALOPITHECUS
•GRACILE
•ROBUST

18. GRACILE
• SMALL TEETH AND JAW
• AUSTRALOPITHECUS ANAMENSIS
• AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFARENSIS
• AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFRICANUS
“LUCY”
MOST FAMOUS HOMINID DISCOVERED
HADAR, ETHIOPIA,
NOVEMBER 1974
DR. DONALD JOHANSON

19. ROBUST
• LARGE TEETH AND JAWS,
MUSCULAR BUILT
• AUSTRALOPITHECUS
AETHIOPICUS
• AUSTRALOPITHECUS BOISEI
• AUSTRALOPITHECUS
ROBUSTUS

20. HOMO
• LIVED IN AFRICA ABOUT 2.4
MILLION YEARS AGO
• HOMO HABILIS (HANDY MAN)
• HOMO ERECTUS (UPRIGHT
MAN)
• HOMO SAPIENS (WISE MAN)

21. HOMO HABILIS
• HEIGHT ABOUT 3 TO 4 FEET
• BRAIN SIZE HALF SIZE OF THE
MODERN HUMAN
• MADE TOOLS OLDOWAN (OLDUVAI
GEORGE, TANZANIA)-USED FOR
CUTTING TOOLS AND MADE FROM
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
• USED TOOLS FOR HUNTING AND
GATHERING

22. HOMO ERECTUS
• BRAIN SIZE OF 1000 CC OR ABOUT 2/3
OF THE MODERN HUMAN
• HEIGHT OF ABOUT 5 FT
• WALK UPRIGHT
• SKILLFULL HUNTER
• FIRST HOMO TO USED FIRE
• FIRST TO USED SPOKEN LANGUAGE

23. HOMO ERECTUS
• DISCOVERED FIRST IN AFRICA
• TRAVELLED IN ASIA AND SOUTHERN
EUROPE
• LONGGUPO CAVE IN CHINA-FIRST FOSSIL
OF HOMO ERECTUS FOUND
– LIVED 1.9 MILLION YEARS AGO
 TRINIL JAVA INDONESIA-EUGENE DUBOIS
-JAVA MAN
 ZHOUKOUDIAN CHINA
-PEKING MAN

24. ARCHAIC HOMO
SAPIENS OF AFRICA
HOMO
HEIDELBERGENSIS
HOMO
NEANDERTHALENSIS

25. LARGE BRAIN SIZE
LIVED IN SHELTERS
FOOD GATHERERS
ATE PLANTS AND FRUITS
HUNTED ANIMALS
LEARNED TO GATHER AND COOK
SHELLFISH
USED FIRE
CRAFTED METALS

26. • FIRST FOSSIL SKELETON TO
BE CONSIDERED AS A
SPECIES OF THE HOMO
SAPIENS
• THE NAME TAKEN FROM FROM
THE ROCK SHELTER IN
FRANCE WERE IT WAS
EXCAVATED IN 1868

27. THE PROCESS OF SOCIOCULTURAL
EVOLUTION EXPLAINS WHY HUMAN
SOCIETIES CHANGE THROUGH TIME. IN
THIS PROCESS, SOCIETIES PRODUCE
NEW FORM OF SUBSISTINCE, ACQUIRE
MORE KNOWLEDGE, DEVELOP
DIFFERENT LEVELS OF INNOVATION
AND APPLY NEW FORM OF
TECHNOLOGY AS A RESPONSE TO THE
CHALLENGE BY THE ENVIRONMENT.

28. SOCIOCULTURAL AND POLITICAL
EVOLUTION
• HUNTING AND GATHERING
• HORTICULTURAL
• PASTORAL
• AGRICULTURAL
• INDUSTRIAL
• POST-INDUSTRIAL

29. THE FOUR CIVILIZATION
SUMMERIAN (TIGRIS AND
EUPHRATES)
INDUS (INDUS RIVER)
SHANG (HUANG HO/HUANG HE
RIVER)
EGYPTIAN (NILE RIVER)

30. SOCIAL
CLASS
SUMMER EGYPT INDUS SHANG
POLITIC
AL
LEADER
AND
HIGHEST
SOCIAL
CLASS
PRIESTS
AND
ROYALTY
PHARAOH BRAHMIN KING
PRIEST
OTHER
SOCIAL
CLASSE
S
1. WEALTHY
MERCHANT
S
2. ORDINARY
WORKERS
1.GOVERNMENT
OFFICIALS
2. SOLDIERS
3. SCRIBES
4. MERCHANTS
5. CRAFTSMEN
6. PEASANTS
7. SLAVES
1. KSHATRIYAS
2. VAISYAS
3. SUDRAS
4. PARIAH
WORKING
CLASS
(FARMERS,
CRAFTSMEN
, SOLDIERS)