Intro to Diabetes mellitus and plants thought to treat it. (most of the items mentioned are under research....none of them should be used without physician permission and they are not to substitute regular treatments)

1. Marina Adel Ibrahim

2. Faculty SubjectYear
1st Cognosy
PRODUCTION
Marina Adel Ibrahim
Marina Adel Ibrahim
Pharmacy ASU

3. *A group of metabolic diseases in which a
person has high blood sugar, either because
the pancreas does not produce enough insulin,
or because cells do not respond to the insulin
that is produced.
*This high blood sugar produces the classical
symptoms of polyuria (frequent urination),
polydipsia (increased thirst) and polyphagia
(increased hunger).
Marina Adel Ibrahim

4. Type 1 DM Type 2 DM
*results from the
body's failure to
produce insulin, and
currently requires the
person to inject insulin.
*results from insulin
resistance, a condition
in which cells fail to
use insulin properly,
sometimes combined
with an absolute
insulin deficiency.
Marina Adel Ibrahim

5. *Many of the signs of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are similar. In both,
there is too much glucose in the blood and not enough in the body
cells.
For type 1Common
Signs
For type 2
Marina Adel Ibrahim

6. For type 1Common
Signs
For type 2
Marina Adel Ibrahim

7. Common Signs and Symptoms:
*Fatigue, constantly tired: Body is inefficient and unable to
use glucose for fuel.
*Unexplained weight loss: People are unable to process
many of the calories in the food.
*Excessive urination (polyuria): Body tries to get rid of the
extra sugar in the blood by excreting it in the urine.
*Excessive thirst (polydipsia): Excess urine as the kidney
spills the excess sugar. body tries to counteract this by
sending a signal to the brain to dilute the blood, translated
into thirst.
*Excessive eating (polyphagia): If the body is able, it will
secrete more insulin in order to try to manage the
excessive blood sugar levels and higher insulin levels lead
to increased hunger.
*Blurred vision: Frequently present with high blood sugar
levels.
Signs
Marina Adel Ibrahim

8. Common Signs and Symptoms:
*Poor wound healing: High blood sugar levels prevent white
blood cells from defending the body against bacteria and
also in cleaning up dead tissue and cells, from functioning
normally. When these cells do not function properly,
wounds take much longer to heal and become infected
more frequently.
*Infections: Certain infections, such as frequent yeast
infections of the genitals, skin infections, and frequent
urinary tract infections, may result from suppression of
the immune system by diabetes and by the presence of
glucose in the tissues, which allows bacteria to grow.
*Altered mental status: Agitation, unexplained irritability,
inattention, extreme lethargy, or confusion can all be signs
of very high blood sugar.
Signs
Marina Adel Ibrahim

9. Symptoms of Type1 DM:
*Symptoms of type 1 diabetes: are often dramatic and
come on very suddenly.
*Type 1 diabetes is usually recognized in childhood or early
adolescence: Often in association with an illness (such as a
virus or urinary tract infection) or injury.
*The extra stress can cause diabetic ketoacidosis:
Symptoms of ketoacidosis include nausea and vomiting.
Dehydration and often-serious disturbances in blood
levels of potassium follow.
Without treatment, ketoacidosis can lead to coma and
death.
Signs
Marina Adel Ibrahim

10. Symptoms of Type2 DM:
*Symptoms of type 2 diabetes: are often subtle and may be
attributed to aging or obesity.
*A person may have type 2 diabetes for many years
without knowing it: People with type 2 diabetes can
develop hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome.
*Type 2 diabetes can be precipitated by steroids and stress:
If not properly treated, type 2 diabetes can lead to
complications such as blindness, kidney failure, heart
disease, and nerve damage.
Signs
Marina Adel Ibrahim

11. Marina Adel Ibrahim

12. Marina Adel Ibrahim
*There has been marked interest in recent
years in the use of plants for the treatment of
diabetes.
*More than 400 traditional plant treatments
for diabetes mellitus have been recorded, but
only a small number of these have received
scientific and medical evaluation to assess
their efficacy.

13. Marina Adel Ibrahim

14. Marina Adel Ibrahim
Origin:
The dried park of Cinnamomum cassia Family Lauraceae.
Active Constituents and Action:
*In most cases Type 2 diabetics make enough insulin, it is just not
able to do it's job of shepherding the glucose into the cells properly.
*Cinnamomum cassia 's claim to fame is that it makes the cells more
receptive to the available insulin (decreases insulin resistance).
*Cinnamomum cassia is what is known as an insulin mimetic - in
other words a substance that affects the cells in the same way as
insulin itself, activating the insulin receptors. So the two substances
work together to get glucose taken up by the cells.
*The active ingredient in Cinnamomum cassia was at first thought to
be MHCP but in 2004 Dr Anderson stated that that was incorrect and
the real ingredient causing the changes was the water soluble
polyphenol type-A polymer.

15. Marina Adel Ibrahim

16. Marina Adel Ibrahim
Origin:
The Rhizomes of Zingiber officinale Family Zingiberaceae.
Active Constituents and Action:
*In type 2 diabetic patients, the capacity of skeletal muscle to
uptake glucose is markedly reduced due to impaired insulin signal
transduction and inefficiency of the GLUT4.
*Gingerols (particularly the [6]- and [8]-gingerols) can increase
glucose uptake by increasing the surface distribution of the protein
GLUT4. When the protein localizes on the surface of muscle cells it
allows transport of glucose into cells.

17. Marina Adel Ibrahim

18. Marina Adel Ibrahim
Origin:
The ripe seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum Family Fabaceae.
Active Constituents and Action:
*4-hydroxyisoleucine, isolated from the seeds of the herb, has
shown significant potential as an anti-diabetic agent because it
suppressed progression of type 2 diabetes
in mice by improving insulin sensitivity and uptake of glucose.
*Saponin compounds namely diosgenin and yamogenin.
*Alkaloids consisting mainly of trigonelline.
*Fenugreek contains fiber and pectin, 55 percent soluble fiber. This
gel-forming fiber absorbs water as it passes through the gut and
swells up, binding with the food. It delays gastric emptying, slows
down carbohydrate absorption and inhibits glucose transport.
*Some research also indicates that fenugreek seed may be helpful in
preventing complications of diabetes, including eye disease such as
retinopathy, when used alone or along with sodium orthovandate.

19. Marina Adel Ibrahim

20. Marina Adel Ibrahim
Origin:
The fruits of Momordica charantia Family Cucurbitaceae.
Active Constituents and Action:
*It has charantin, which has hypoglycemic effect.
*Bitter melon has been found to increase insulin sensitivity.
*Other compounds in bitter melon have been found to activate the
AMPK, the protein that regulates glucose uptake (a process which is
impaired in diabetics).
*Bitter melon also contains a lectin that has insulin-like activity due
to its nonprotein-specific linking together to insulin receptors. This
lectin lowers blood glucose concentrations by acting on peripheral
tissues and, similar to insulin's effects in the brain, suppressing
appetite. This lectin is likely a major contributor to the hypoglycemic
effect that develops after eating bitter melon.

21. Marina Adel Ibrahim

22. Marina Adel Ibrahim
Origin:
The flowers of Catharanthus roseus L. Fam. Apocyanaceae.
Active Constituents and Action:
* Alkaloid : vincristine & vinblastine.
* Acts as an insulin substitute and has 55 active alkaloids. the
antihyperglycemic effect of this plant appears to be at least in part,
due to extra pancreatic activity, including increased glucose
utilization by the liver and muscle (glycolysis), enhanced glucose
oxidation through shunt pathway, via activation of G6PDH, and
decreased glucose production by depression of glycogenolytic
enzyme.

23. Marina Adel Ibrahim

24. Marina Adel Ibrahim
Origin:
Allium sativum Linn. Fam. Alliaceae.
Active Constituents and Action:
* Contains at least 33 sulfur compounds like aliin,allicin .
*Decreases the concentration of serum lipids, blood glucose and
activities of serum enzymes like alkaline phosphatase ,acid
phosphatase, lactase dehydrogenase and liver Glucose-6
phosphate.

25. Marina Adel Ibrahim

26. Marina Adel Ibrahim
Origin:
Extracted gum of Acacia arabica Fam. Fabaceae.
Active Constituents and Action:
* Flavonoids, sterols, triterpenoids, alkaloids , rich in linoleic
acid, oleic acid , hydroxy fatty acids, gallic acid, catechin.
* It acts through release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells.

27. Marina Adel Ibrahim
*Wikipedia
*Plants and their active constituents-Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy.
*Natural medicines from plant source used for therapy of diabetes
mellitus: An overview of its pharmacological aspects - Asian Pacific
Journal of Tropical Disease.