A comprehensive review on in vitro and in vivo models used for antidiabetic activity

1. Welcome

2. Presentation on
In vitro And In vivo Models Used For
Antidiabetic Activity
BY
Robinpreet kaur
UNDER THE SUPERVISION
OF
MS.RICHA ARORA

3. INTRODUCTION
➢ Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is chronic and one of the world's most common health disorders.One of
the most prevalent medical conditions in the world is chronic diabetes mellitus (DM). The
number of those affected by DM has increased in the last 40 years. 2015 was estimated to see
1.6million deaths worldwide due to diabetes mellitus. In recent years, some drugs have been
discovered and used to treat diabetes mellitus.
➢ Diabetes mellitus is a disorder that results in an increase in blood sugar levels because the body
is not using or producing enough insulin.
➢ The pancreas secretes the hormone insulin, which promotes the body in utilizing glucose
as fuel. As a result, it keeps blood sugar levels under control.
➢ It produces and secretes somatostatins, glucagon, insulin, and blood pancreatic
polypeptide hormones.

4. Insulin Deficiencies
1. Insulin Resistance: It is a condition caused by a normal or elevated insulin level that causes
various biological reactions.
2. Compensatory Hyperinsulinaemic: It is a disorder caused by peripheral insulin
resistance in muscle and adipose tissue, which requires greater beta cell secretion to maintain
normal blood glucose levels.
3. Diabetes mellitus: Diabetes, which is more commonly known as the disease with high
blood sugar, Cleveland exhibits recognisable signs including polydipsia (increased thirst), polyuria
(frequent urination), and polyphagia (increased hunger). The body either does not create insulin at
a regular level or cells do not react to the insulin that is produced by the body, which results in a
high blood sugar level. Depending on the underlying cause of the condition, there are many forms
of diabetes.

5. INSULIN
❖ Proinsulin is converted to insulin and C Peptide.
❖ In the absence of insulin , most tissues cannot use glucose and fats , proteins are broken Down to
provide energy.
ACTION OF INSULIN
Inhibits glycogenolysis
Inhibits gluconeogenesis
+glucose uptake
+storage of TG
FAT +Protein synthesis
+glycogen synthesis

6. ADVERSE EFFECTS OF INSULIN
❖ Hypoglycemia
❖ Allergic reactions
❖ Lipodystrophy
❖ Others includes - Seizures , coma
TYPES
1. TYPE-1 DIABETES MELLITUS
[a] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [IDDM]
Diabetes mellitus that is insulin dependent is another name for it. It is characterized by an
inability to produce enough insulin as a result of beta cell necrosis caused by viral invasion,
chemical activity, or autoimmune antibodies. According to studies, patients with type 1
diabetes enjoy a better quality of life than patients with type 2 diabetes.

7. TYPE-2 DIABETES MELLITUS
[b] Non Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus[NIDDM]
Target organ insulin resistance, which results in responsiveness to both endogenous and exogenous insulin, is
also named as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Insulin demand in insulin-target tissues rises in type
2 diabetes patients with insulin resistance. In addition to insulin resistance, the pancreatic beta cells' due to
defect in the function prevented them from producing enough insulin to meet the increasing demand.
IN VIVO ANIMAL MODEL OF DIABETES
ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETES
Alloxan causes a pancreatic beta cells necrosis that is selective.intravenous , intraperitoneal ,
subcutaneous methods are used to give alloxan in experimental animals including mice , rats ,rabbits
and dogs , alloxan is used to induce diabetes depending on the animal type the routes and doses of
alloxan requires may differ from the 1st minutes of alloxan administration .

8. STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED DIABETES
Streptozotocin [STZ] is a naturally occurring substance that is a particularly toxic pancreatic beta cell.
It is employed as an animal model for hyperglycemia in medical studies.
DIATHIZONE INDUCED DIABETES
Diathizone is a sulfur containing organo sulfur chemicals with chelating properties in experimental
animals dithizone is used to induce diabetes.
IN VITRO MODELS FOR ANTIDIABETIC
Biomaterials like perfused entire organs, isolated tissues, cell culture systems, or tissue slice
preparations are employed in in vitro investigations to identify specific mechanisms and toxicities.
In vivo testing of antihyperglycemic effects is possible. Utilizing various test techniques in vitro
or on animals, such as inhibiting intestinal glucose uptake or carbohydrate-digesting enzymes, etc.
❖ Alpha-Amylase Inhibition Assay

9. REFERENCE
❖ Cefalu WT. Insulin resistance: cellular and clinical concepts
❖ Gisela Wilcox. Insulin and Insulin Resistance.Clin Biochem Rev

10. THANK
YOU