2. SUBJECT MATTER / TOPIC
A. Principle of fluid flow
Properties of Fluid
Types of Fluid flow
Heads of Fluid
Bernoulli’s Equation
Total Dynamic Head of Pumps / Blowers
Pumps theoretical and brake power
Classification of fluid machinery
Hydraulic Machine
2
3. OBJECTIVE:
A. To recognize the different types of fluid machinery and their
applications;
B. To summarize the equations used in the analysis and calculations of
the principle of fluid flow;
C. Identify the types of flow of fluid using Reynolds Number;
D.To formulate the equations for the determination of total dynamic
head of pumps and pump power.
3
4. INTRODUCTION
Liquids and gases together called fluids.
The fluid machines use liquids and / or called gases as working substance for transfer and
transformation of energy from one form to another.
The fluid machines convert the potential energy or kinetic energy or pressure energy or thermal
energy or internal energy of fluid into mechanical work and are called engines or turbines or prime
movers or driving machine.
The driven machines may called pumps or compressors or blowers or fans to deliver fluids from
low level of energy to higher level by consuming mechanical work
Sample problems for each topic are discussed as applications to further enhance the learning
process.
4
5. FLUID MACHINERY
Is an equipment capable of handling fluid, either moving the fluid or moved by the fluid.
Is a device which converts the energy stored by a fluid into mechanical energy or vice versa.
Energy in the form of the potential, kinetic and intermolecular energy.
The energy usually transmitted by rotating shaft.
5
6. ENERGY CONVERSION
The device in which the kinetic, potential or intermolecular energy held by fluid is converted in the
form of mechanical energy in a rotating member is known as a TURBINE.
6
7. PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
A. SPECIFIC WEIGHT ( )
Is the force of gravity in a unit
volume of a substance.
Formula:
7
=
;
9. PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
C. SPECIFIC VOLUME ( )
Is the volume of a unit mass of a
substance or the reciprocal of
density.
Formula:
9
10. PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
D. SPECIFIC GRAVITY ( )
Is the ratio of the specific weight
of any substance to that of water
or the ratio of density of any
substance to that water.
Formula:
10
11. PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
E. VISCOSITY ( )
Is a measure of the resistance to
flow of a fluid; or it may be
defined as the ratio of the
shearing stress or force between
adjacent layers of fluid to the
rate of change of velocity
perpendicular to the direction of
motion.
11
𝒈𝒎
𝒄𝒎
𝟔
= 0.10 Pa-s
12. SAMPLE PROBLEM
Calculate the specific weight,
density, & specific gravity of one
Liter of a liquid which weigh 7N.
12
Given:
V = 1 Liter = 0.00
Weight = 7N.
A. Specific Weight (
=
.
𝑵
𝒎𝟑
B. Density ( )
=
.
𝒌𝒈
𝒎𝟑
C. Specific Gravity (SG)
SG =
.
13. REYNOLDS NUMBER
Is a dimensionless parameter used to determine the type of fluid while flowing
through a pipe.
Type of flow pattern as laminar or turbulent
At low Reynolds numbers, flows tend to be dominated by laminar flow, while at
high Reynolds numbers flows tend to be turbulent.
Re < 2000 – Low Velocity = Laminar Flow
Re > 4000 – High Velocity = Turbulent Flow
Re = 2000 – 4000 = Critical Flow
13
15. TYPES OF FLOW OF FLUID
A. LAMINAR FLOW
Is the type of flow of fluid in which the fluid particles move along straight, parallel paths in layers or
laminae.
𝑅 < 2000 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
B. Turbulent Flow
Is the type of flow of fluid in which the fluid particles move in a haphazard fashion in all directions.
It is impossible to trace the motion of an individual particle ( high velocity, variable direction).
𝑅 > 2000 − 𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
C. Critical Flow (Transitional Flow)
Is a combination of laminar flow and turbulent flow.
𝑅 = 2000 − 4000 − Critical Flow
15
16. CONTINUITY EQUATION
Continuity equation is an equation derived from the first law of thermodynamics of
steady flow open system used to determine the mass flow rate and volume flow
rate of fluid.
16
18. SAMPLE PROBLEM #1
Determine whether the flow is
laminar or turbulent if fluids at
26 flows in a pipe with a 150
mm inside diameter. The
average velocity of flow is 3.6
m/s ,
𝜌 = 1258 ,
𝜇 = 9.60 𝑥 10 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠 .
18
Given:
Dia. = 150mm = 0.15m
average velocity = 3.6 m/s
𝜌 = 1258
𝜇 = 9.60 𝑥 10 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠
Re < 2000 – Low Velocity =
Laminar Flow
Re > 4000 – High Velocity =
Turbulent Flow
Re = 2000 – 4000 = Critical
Flow
Solution:
𝑹𝒆 =
𝜸 𝑽𝑫
𝝁𝒈
=
𝒎 𝒈 𝑽 𝑫
𝑽 𝝁 𝒈
=
𝝆𝑽𝑫
𝝁
𝑹𝒆 =
𝝆𝑽𝑫
𝝁
=
𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟖
𝒌𝒈
𝒎𝟑 𝟑.𝟔
𝒎
𝒔
(𝟎.𝟏𝟓 𝒎)
𝟗.𝟔 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝟏 𝑷𝒂 𝒔
𝑹𝒆 = 𝟕𝟎𝟕. 𝟔𝟐𝟓
𝑹𝒆 = 𝑳𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓 𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒘
19. SAMPLE PROBLEM #2
Air having a density of 1.01
and absolute viscosity of 1.79 x
10 Poise flows through a 30cm
diameter pipe at the rate of 1814
kg/hr. Determine the type of flow
existing in the pipe.
19
G𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧:
Dia. = 30cm = 0.30m
m = 1814 kg/hr
𝜌 = 1.01
𝜇 = 1.79 𝑥 10 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒
Re < 2000 – Low Velocity =
Laminar Flow
Re > 4000 – High Velocity =
Turbulent Flow
Re = 2000 – 4000 = Critical
Flow
Solution:
𝑹𝒆 =
𝜸 𝑽𝑫
𝝁𝒈
=
𝒎 𝒈 𝑽 𝑫
𝑽 𝝁 𝒈
=
𝝆𝑽𝑫
𝝁
𝑹𝒆 =
𝝆𝑽𝑫
𝝁
=
𝟏.𝟎𝟏
𝒌𝒈
𝒎𝟑 𝟕.𝟎𝟔
𝒎
𝒔
𝟎.𝟑𝒎)
𝟏.𝟕𝟗 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝟒 𝑷𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝒙
𝟎.𝟏𝟎 𝑷𝒂 𝒔
𝟏 𝑷𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒆
𝑹𝒆 = 𝟏𝟏𝟗, 𝟓𝟎𝟕. 𝟐𝟔
𝑹𝒆 = 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒘
Required:
Need to identify the
flow of fluid in the
pipe.
Determine the V.
𝑸 = 𝑨𝑽
𝑸 =
𝒎
𝝆
=
𝟏𝟖𝟏𝟒
𝒌𝒈
𝒉𝒓
𝒙
𝟏 𝒉𝒓
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒔
𝟏.𝟎𝟏
𝒌𝒈
𝒎𝟑
𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟓
𝒎𝟑
𝒔
Determine the V.
𝑸 = 𝑨𝑽
𝟎. 𝟓
𝒎𝟑
𝒔
= {
𝝅
𝟒
𝒙 𝟎. 𝟑)𝟐 (𝑽)
V = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟔
𝒎
𝒔
20. HEAD OF FLUID
Head of Fluid is the height to which a column of fluid must rise to contain the same
amount of energy as is contained in one unit weight or mass of fluid under the conditions
being considered.
20
21. FORMS OF HEAD
A. Potential or Actual Head
Is a head based upon the elevation of the fluid above some arbitrarily chosen datum plane.
B. Kinetic or Velocity Head
Is a measure of the kinetic energy contained in a unit mass fluid due to its velocity and is given by
the familiar expression for kinetic energy.
𝑽𝟐
𝟐𝒈
C. Pressure Head
Is the energy contained in the fluid as a result of its pressure and is equal to
21
