1. • GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT:-
Garden City Movement a concept in Urban Planning by Sir Ebenzer
Howard.
• He had no training in urban planning or design but excelled in
creating places which he called “magnets” where people would
want to come to reside and work.
• His garden cities were planned, contained communities
surrounded by a green belt (parks), containing proportionate areas
of residences, industry and agriculture.
• Garden city movement aimed at addressing the urban problems
plaguing the industrial city of that time.
• To Howard the cure was simple - to reintegrate people with the
countryside.
• Garden City concept was an effective response for a better
quality of life in over crowded and dirty industrial towns which had
deteriorated the environment and posed serious threat to health.
• In trying to understand and represent the attraction of the city he
compared each city to a magnet, with individuals represented as
needles drawn to the city.
• He set about comparing the ‘town and country magnets’ but
decided that neither were suitable attractors for his utopian vision.
• Instead he believed that “Human society and the beauty of nature
are meant to be enjoyed together” – hence giving his solution “the
two magnets must be made one.”
• Town and country must be united, and out of this joyous union, will
spring a new hope, a new life, a new civilization
2. Garden city movement had The Three Magnets to addresses the question ‘Where
will the people go?’ the choices being ‘Town’, ‘Country’ or ‘Town Country’.
1.Town – The pull of ‘Town Magnet’ are the opportunities for work and high wages,
social opportunities, amusements and well – lit streets. The pull of ‘Country Magnet’ is
in natural beauty, fresh air, healthfulness. It was closing out of nature, offered isolation
of crowds and distance from work. But it came at a cost of foul air, costly drainage,
murky sky and slums.
2.Country – It offered natural beauty, low rents, fresh air, meadow but had low wages
and lack of drainage. Country has dullness, lack of society, low wages, lack of
amusements and general decay.
3.Town- Country – it was a combination of both town and countryside with aim of
providing benefits of both and offered beauty of nature, social opportunity, fields if easy
access, low rent, high wages and field of enterprise. Thus, the solution was found in a
combination of the advantages of Town and Country – the ‘Town – Country Magnet’ – it
was proposed a Town in the Country, and having within it the amenities of
natural beauty, fresh air and healthfulness. Thus advantages of the Town – Country
are seed to be free from the disadvantages of either.
3.
4. • Circular city growing in radial
manner or pattern.
• Div. into six eq. wards ;by 6
main boulevards that radiated
from the central park or
garden .
5.
6. Welwyn – It was the second Garden City founded by Sir Ebenzer
Howard and designed by Louis De Soissions in 1920. It is 24 miles from
London It was a town visually pleasing and was efficient technically and
was human in scale.
•It started with area of 2400 acres and 4000 population
•Had a parkway, almost a mile long central mall
•Town laid out along tree-lined boulevards with Neo Georgian town
center
•Every road had a wide grass verge
Garden city concept spread to various parts of world and influenced and
all English, American, Canadian & Australian planning but housing was
most influenced.
Garden cities examples as a result of garden city movement
Two garden cities were built using Howard’s garden city movement concept
are Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City, both in
Hertfordshire, England.
Letchworth Garden City – The first garden city developed in 1903 by
Barry Parker & Raymond Unwin after having won the competition to build
first garden city. It is 35 miles from London. It has an area of 5000 acres
with 3000 acres of green belt. It had an agricultural strip at periphery to
check the invasion of urban area i.e. the sprawling. It showed Howard’s
general principles, including the communal ownership of the land and the
permanent green belt has been carried through. It was a town of homes
and gardens with ample open spaces and a spirited community life. A great
attention was paid to landscaping and planting.
•Its plan was based on population of 30000 with living area of 1250 acres
and 2500 acres of rural green belt.
•Communities ranged from 12000 – 18000 people, small enough which
required no vehicular transportation.
•Industries were connected to central city by rapid transportation.
7.
8.
9. Failure of Garden cities:
Letchworth slowly attracted more residents because it was able to attract manufacturers through low taxes, low rents and more space. Despite
Howard’s best efforts, the home prices in this garden city could not remain affordable for workers to live in. Although many viewed Letchworth as a
success, it did not immediately inspire government investment into the next line of garden cities. In frustration, Howard bought land at Welwyn to
house the second garden city in 1919. The Welwyn Garden City Corporation was formed to oversee the construction. But Welwyn did not become
self-sustaining because it was only 20 miles from London. Even until the end of the 1930s, Letchworth and Welwyn remained as the only existing
garden cities.
Conclusion on garden city movement
The idea of garden city, which has economic and social advantages that urban aggregation had destroyed, was seen in the first two garden cities
only. It was seen as the “marriage of town and country, in an increasingly coherent urban and regional pattern”. These new town towns offer a
pleasing environment than crowded and squalid quarters in old cities. The movement succeeded in emphasizing the need for urban planning policies
that eventually led to the New Town movement.
10. Central Place Theory (CPT) by Walter Christaller (1933)
Thus the main components of Howard’s Garden city movement were:
1.Planned Dispersal: The organized outward migration of industries and people to towns of sufficient size to provide the services, variety of occupations, and
level of culture needed by a balanced cross – section of modern society.
2.Limit of Town – size: The growth of towns to be limited, in order that their inhabitants may live near work, shops, social centers, and each other and also
near open country.
3.Amenities: The internal texture of towns to be open enough to permit of houses with private gardens, adequate space for schools and other functional
purposes, and pleasant parks and parkways.
4.Town and Country Relationship: The town area to be defined and a large area around it reserved permanently for agriculture; thus enabling the farm
people to be assured of a nearby market and cultural center, and the town people to have the benefit of a country situation.
5.Planning Control: Pre – planning of the whole town framework, including the road – scheme, and functional zoning; the fixing of maximum densities; the
control of building as to quality and design, but allowing for individual variety; skillful planting and landscape garden design.
6.Neighborhoods: The town to be divided into wards, each to some extent a developmental and social entity.
Some of the important features of Garden City are –
•1000 acres of towns designed for healthy living and industry
•5000 acres if permanent green belt which surrounds the whole town
•Density of 12 families per acre
•A large central park having public building.
•limited size of approx 32000 people, planned in advance and land in single ownership to eliminate overcrowding.
11. The linear concept appeared in theory of urban planning by the end
of the 19th century.
The pioneer who first envisioned, proposed and actively promoted
this new scheme of city development was A. Soria y Mata (Arturo
Soria Y Mata ); with his plan for Ciudad Lineal de Madrid in 1882.
The linear city concept is a conscious form of urban development
with housing and industry growing along the highway btw existing
cities and contained by the continuous open spaces of the rural
countryside.
The idea of linearity was expressed by emphasizing main
transportation route as backbone of the proposed urban layout.
All other functions were arranged along that axis with defined width
and indefinite length, intersected at certain intervals by secondary
perpendicular streets.
The layout consisted of large blocks with residential buildings
surrounded by vegetation with commercial and public structures
situated at intersections.
As the city expanded , additional sectors would be added to the
end of each band, so that the city would become very longer ,
without growing wider.
Soria y Mata believed that this type of development would eliminate
many social problems caused by urban congestion.
He managed to fund, realize and develop his idea of Ciudad Lineal
as a settlement in close vicinity of Madrid (today it is a district of the
city).
LINEAR CITY CONCEPT
The linear city was an urban plan for an elongated urban
formation. The city would consist of a series of functionally
specialized parallel sectors. Generally, the city would run
parallel to a river and be built so that the dominant wind
would blow from the residential areas to the industrial strip.
The sectors of a linear city would be:
1. A purely segregated zone for railway lines,
2. A zone of production and communal enterprises, with
related scientific, technical and educational institutions, ,
3. A residential zone, including a band of social institutions, a
band of residential buildings and a "children's band",
4. A park zone, and
5. An agricultural zone with gardens and state-run farms
(sovkhozy in the Soviet Union).
As the city expanded, additional sectors would be added to
the end of each band, so that the city would become ever
longer, without growing wider
12. The new houses were bigger and had the garden. There was also a
vegetable garden or a space for working the land
The new city had a tram.
For leisure their was cultural and sports facilities (like casino theatre
schools etc).
13. The most important objective was to combine
nature and the city.
14. 1. A simple economical form of traffic
segregation and high accessibility.
1. Very sensitive to blockage req. controls of growth.
2. Lacks focus.
3. The choice of connection or of direction of
movement are much less.
15. In conclusion, some common guidelines for interventions in linear urban structures can be formulated as follows:
I. Linearity creates additional challenges that affect city urban development. Their identification allows to
consciously transform the city structure and improve its quality.
II. Linearity invites to multiply communication nodes and diversify public spaces. Some needful investments
improving the city public space might be technically complicated and very expensive (for example multilevel
intersections).
III. In the urban planning process of the linear city special attention must be paid to the axes perpendicular to
the main one which may strengthen the significance of a given area.
IV. Market conditions may disrupt linear city urban development because good investment conditions not
necessarily appear in the areas that should be developed within the linear structure.
18. • Industrial cities appeared after
the full development of industrial
capitalism in the core nation-
states of the late 18th century
world system.
• Their urban cultural role fit well
with the capitalism economic
order, that dominate all other
social institutions.
• Capitalism depends on the
production of commodities
through wage labor in the
interests of capital accumulation.
3. Light industries
• It include products of domestic
use, furniture, assembling of
small machines etc.
• Used raw materials which are
light in weight and easy to
transport .
• Principle factor effecting the
location is availability of local
labours and nearness to the
markets through which the
manufactured product is
distributed.
• They are sometimes linked up
with the one another or with
heavy industries.
4. Minor industries
• It includes bakeries, laundaries
etc.
• They can be grouped and
located very near to the
residential zones for the benefit
and convenience of the public.
How can we classify the industrial
cities ?
We can classify them into 3 type
A. Manufacturing industries
4 types classifications :-
1. Heavy industries
2. Intermediate industries
3. Light industries
4. Minor industries
B. Miscellaneous industries
C. Special industries.
Manufacturing industries
1. Heavy industries
• This type of industries include
steel projects, oil refineries, ship
building.
• Consume raw material which
are bulky and heavy to transport
• These industries cover huge area
and the whole project grants an
impression of massiveness .
• The choice of site is restricted as
its efficiency depends upon the
nearness to the raw material,
transport facilities, etc.
2. Intermediate industries
• It includes spinning, weaving,
• Plastics, tanning, manufacture of
machinery and spare parts etc.
• These industries either serves the
heavy industries or further
process the products of heavy
industries or carry out both the
functions .
• These industries cover wide
spectrum b/w heavy and light
induties.
19. 2. Miscellaneous industries:-
• In This type of industries includes
professional services, shipping,
education, entertainment,, etc.
• Acc. To their nature these industries
are concentrated in large cities.
3. Special industries:-
• These are industries such as mining,
quarrying, etc. which req. special
treatment for their locations.
• The sites for special industries are
adjusted to take the max. possible
advantages of the existing
economic, local, and social
circumstances.
Another way of classifying industries is to
group them in four categories:-
1. Primary industries
• It industries are involve in primary
production and they include quarrying,
mining, fishing, forestry, agriculture.
2. Secondary industries
• These industries are involve in the
transformation of the primary products and
they take up the from of manufacturing
industries.
3. Tertiary industries
• These industries provide a services to the
products that have already passed through
the primary and secondary stages .
• They include the office staff in primary and
secondary industries like lawyers, teachers
etc.
4. Quaternary industries
• These are relatively a small group industries
for training and research in scientific field .
• They provide advance training and
education for technocrats in service
occupations .
• it forms the decision making organization in
the economic system of the nation.
