Values Education

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Lesson 12–
Being Guided by the Hierarchy of Values

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The practice of values is categorized in a
hierarchy where the higher values are being
Holy and being Spiritual. These pertain to the
goodness of a person. The lower values are the
Vital, which is connected to our well-being and
Sensory, that which pertains to the ego. All
these only become value when we practice
them. Max Scheler ’s Hierarchy of Values
teaches us that being aware of our values
enable us to do good and avoid evil. This can
enhance our personhood and affirm our
humanity.
Developing values require determination.
It is only when you are able to make some
sacrifices amidst difficulties that you can
acquire values. Determination, therefore, is an
aid toward success in value formation. 2

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Freedom makes us free to choose good
from evil. When we make our choices,
we should choose those that make us
good and keep us away from evil.
The things we choose reflect our
values. Higher values are of holy and
spiritual value while lower values of
vital and sensory values pertaining to
ego. Determination to do good person
while doing evil makes us a bad
person.
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Knowing What is Good

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• Values of the Holy/Unholy is the highest
value level. This is when a person
practices religious worship and has a
feeling state of bliss or despair. He/she
responds to circumstances with belief or
awe.
• Spiritual values are justice/injustice; truth,
of which scientific and culture values are
derivative; the aesthetic values of
beautiful and ugly. A person enjoys a
feeling-states of either joy or sorrow and
responds with any of the following: delight,
dislike, approval, disapproval, reverence,
contempt, relation, and sympathy. 4
Max Scheler’s Hierarchy of Values

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• Vital values are considered the noble or
the opposite, vulgar. These are values
connected with general well-being. The
corresponding feeling-states are health,
sickness, aging, exhaustion, vitality, and
feeling-toned responses: being pleased,
anger, courage, and anxiety.
• Sensory values are those that are pleasant
or its negative, the unpleasant. The
objectives of sensory feelings correspond
to delight and pain. We should always
prefer the pleasant.
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Max Scheler’s Hierarchy of Values

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For Scheler, the moral values of good and
evil are not to be found in this hierarchy of
values, but in their realization, as we act upon
them; they, so to speak, “ride on the back of the
deed.” Manuel Dy explains,
Without the deed and the person who performs it,
no moral good or evil occurs. In this sense, moral
values are personal values in that they originate
from persons. Good is the realization of higher
values, the spiritual and the holy, which refer to
our being persons. In contrast, evil is the
realization of lower values, the sensory and the
vital, which refer to our likeness to the animals.
Hence, good enhances our personhood, while evil
degrades our humanity.
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Max Scheler’s Hierarchy of Values

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My Community Work
in Infanta

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Determination is the value
that enables us to work hard to
achieve our goals.
Determination is a positive
emotional feeling that involves
persevering towards a difficult
goal in spite of obstacles.
Determination occurs prior to goal
attainment and serves to motivate
behavior that will help achieve
one's goal. 8

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Five Steps on Building Determination
• Step 1: Examine the object, condition or
issue. Does it appeal to your sensory,
vital, spiritual or holy/unholy value?
• Step 2: Think of how it will affect you.
Will it make you a good or bad person?
• Step 3: Consult a person of good moral
character. Present your dilemma and seek
advice.
• Step 4: Act on it and examine its effect
on you.
• Step 5: If it makes you a good person,
pursue it. If it causes evil, drop it as soon
as you can. 9

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Example
Dilemma:
To spend the night with friends playing video games
Step 1 I like playing video games with friends.
Step 2 My friends would like to spend the night at Loy’s house. His parents are not
in the house and we can play all night. It should be fun and we can
increase our scores and outdo the opponents. However, we will be very
sleepy the next day.
Step 3 I tell my older sister about it. We talked about the games we play. We have
a variety of games but the most popular to our group is one played in
groups online. Admittedly, it can be violent because the objective is to kill
the opponent and score high by killing as many as we can at the shortest
time possible.
She said it would be nice to spend time with friends but the ‘overnight’
may not be agreeable to our parents. Besides, violent games are so fun to
play, it will make us go back to it until we get hooked. This may affect our
studies. She asked me, “So why even start something when this may
become habitual?”
Step 4 I will join my friends in playing video games.
Step 5 Since I want to be with my friends and also like gaming, I can spend some
time with them, two hours at most, then go home.

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Activity 2: Building Determination
Identify a dilemma/problem that is usually
experienced by adolescents like you. Apply
the Five Steps on Building Determination
in the table below.
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Dilemma:
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5